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Microbiology Metabolism and Microbial Nutrition

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What is the primary carbon source for autotrophs?

    CO₂ is the primary carbon source for autotrophs.

  • Which pathway should be enhanced to maximize NADPH production for biosynthesis?

    The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) should be enhanced to maximize NADPH production.

  • Why are precursor metabolites important in microbial metabolism?

    They provide carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of macromolecules.

  • What is the primary purpose of fermentation in Streptococcus species lacking an ETC?

    To regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis continuation.

  • How do chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy?

    By oxidizing inorganic compounds such as H₂S or reduced iron.

  • Where does the electron transport chain (ETC) occur in prokaryotes?

    In the plasma membrane.

  • Why does anaerobic respiration generate less ATP than aerobic respiration?

    Because alternative electron acceptors have lower electron affinity than oxygen.

  • Why is fermentation commercially important?

    It produces useful end products such as lactic acid and ethanol.

  • Which ATP-generating strategy is most likely when oxygen and inorganic electron acceptors are absent?

    Fermentation is the most likely ATP-generating strategy.

  • Which nutritional group includes most medically important bacteria?

    Chemoheterotrophs include most medically important bacteria.

  • Which metabolic pathway is considered anabolic?

    The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is considered anabolic.

  • Which condition maximizes ATP production from glucose?

    Aerobic respiration maximizes ATP production from glucose.

  • What process is impaired if a bacterium can break down glucose but cannot synthesize amino acids from precursor metabolites?

    Anabolism is most likely impaired.

  • Why are chemoheterotrophs successful pathogens?

    They use abundant organic molecules from their hosts as both carbon and energy sources.

  • What process occurs when a bacterium grows better with nitrate replacing oxygen?

    Anaerobic respiration is occurring under nitrate conditions.

  • What does the proton motive force (PMF) directly power?

    ATP synthesis is directly powered by PMF.

  • Which pathway is most likely defective if a bacterium synthesizes ATP normally but struggles to produce nucleotides and reducing power?

    The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is most likely defective.

  • What is the primary electron source for lithotrophs?

    Inorganic compounds serve as electron sources for lithotrophs.

  • What is the carbon source for heterotrophs?

    Organic compounds are the carbon source for heterotrophs.

  • Which process depends directly on the proton motive force (PMF)?

    Oxidative phosphorylation depends directly on PMF.

  • What is metabolism?

    The total of all chemical reactions in a cell.

  • Which molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?

    ATP is the primary energy currency.

  • What is the net yield of ATP and NADH per glucose molecule during glycolysis?

    Net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose.

  • Which pathway produces Ribose-5-Phosphate?

    The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) produces Ribose-5-Phosphate.

  • What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.

  • Which process directly transfers phosphate from a substrate to ADP?

    Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate directly to ADP.

  • Why is glycolysis considered catabolic?

    Because it breaks down glucose and releases energy.

  • What does the TCA cycle produce?

    The TCA cycle produces NADH and FADH₂.

  • Why is PMF considered stored energy?

    It represents an electrochemical gradient usable for cellular work.