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Study guide test 2

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Termini in questo insieme (27)

  • What is taxonomy?

    Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms into categories (taxa) to show their similarities.

  • Define phylogeny.

    Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms.

  • What were the limitations of the two-kingdom system?

    The two-kingdom system (Plantae and Animalia) did not adequately classify microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.

  • Who proposed the five-kingdom system and when?

    Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom system in 1969.

  • What are the three domains in Woese's system?

    The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • What is the basis for the three-domain system?

    It is based on nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

  • Name characteristics of Archaea.

    Prokaryotic, lack peptidoglycan, have unique membrane lipids, often extremophiles like methanogens and hyperthermophiles.

  • What is the endosymbiont theory?

    Eukaryotes originated from prokaryotic cells living inside one another as endosymbionts, leading to organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

  • Why are scientific names used?

    To avoid confusion from different languages and geographic names, using a universal binomial nomenclature system.

  • What is binomial nomenclature?

    Organisms are named with two parts: Genus and species (specific epithet), e.g., Homo sapiens.

  • Define culture, clone, and strain in microbiology.

    Culture: bacteria grown in lab media.
    Clone: population from a single parent cell.
    Strain: genetically different cells within a clone.

  • What kingdoms are included in the domain Eukarya?

    Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and Protists.

  • How are viruses classified?

    Viruses are not part of any domain; classified by morphology, genome, enzymes, and ecological niche.

  • What is Bergey’s Manual used for?

    It provides the classification scheme and identification methods for prokaryotes.

  • Name common methods to identify bacteria.

    Morphology, cell wall composition, differential staining, oxygen requirements, biochemical tests.

  • What is the principle of biochemical tests in bacterial identification?

    They detect enzymatic activities to differentiate bacteria and infer ecological niches.

  • What is serology in microbiology?

    The study of serum and immune responses; uses antibodies to identify microorganisms.

  • How does the slide agglutination test work?

    Bacteria clump (agglutinate) when mixed with specific antibodies, indicating presence of the bacteria.

  • What is ELISA used for?

    Detects antigens or antibodies using enzyme-linked antibodies and color change reactions.

  • What is phage typing?

    Determines which bacteriophages infect a bacterial strain to trace infection sources.

  • How does flow cytometry identify microorganisms?

    Uses laser and fluorescence to separate cells by size and markers without culturing.

  • What is nucleic acid hybridization?

    Measures DNA strand binding between organisms; >70% hybridization indicates same species.

  • What is PCR used for in microbiology?

    Amplifies small DNA quantities for detection and identification of microbes.

  • What is Southern blotting?

    Uses DNA probes to detect specific DNA sequences in samples.

  • What is a DNA chip (microarray)?

    Contains DNA probes to detect pathogens by hybridization and fluorescence.

  • What is ribotyping?

    Identification of microorganisms by sequencing ribosomal RNA genes.

  • What is a dichotomous key?

    A tool for identifying organisms by answering a series of yes/no questions.