What is the configuration of each of the asymmetric centers in the following compounds?
c.
d.

Chirality refers to the geometric property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image. Molecules with chirality typically contain one or more asymmetric centers, usually carbon atoms bonded to four different substituents. This property is crucial in organic chemistry as chiral molecules can exhibit different biological activities and properties.

Fischer projections are a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional organic molecules, particularly useful for depicting the stereochemistry of chiral centers. In these projections, vertical lines represent bonds that go back into the plane, while horizontal lines represent bonds that come out of the plane. This format helps in visualizing the configuration (R or S) of asymmetric centers in a compound.

The R and S nomenclature is a system used to describe the absolute configuration of chiral centers in molecules. To assign R (rectus) or S (sinister) configuration, one must prioritize the substituents attached to the chiral carbon based on atomic number. The orientation of the molecule is then analyzed to determine whether the highest priority substituents are arranged in a clockwise (R) or counterclockwise (S) direction.