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Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
Bruice - Organic Chemistry 8th Edition
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoBruice 8th EditionCh. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl HalidesProblema 3c
Capitolo 9, Problema 3c

How will the rate of the reaction between bromomethane and hydroxide ion be affected if the following changes in concentration are made?
c. The concentration of the alkyl halide is cut in half and the concentration of the nucleophile is doubled.

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1
Determine the type of reaction mechanism involved. Bromomethane (CH₃Br) reacts with hydroxide ion (OH⁻) via an SN2 mechanism, which is a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. The rate law for an SN2 reaction is rate = k[CH₃Br][OH⁻], where k is the rate constant.
Understand the relationship between the rate and the concentrations of the reactants. In an SN2 reaction, the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of both the alkyl halide (CH₃Br) and the nucleophile (OH⁻).
Analyze the effect of halving the concentration of the alkyl halide. If [CH₃Br] is reduced to half, the rate contribution from this term will also be halved, as the rate is directly proportional to [CH₃Br].
Analyze the effect of doubling the concentration of the nucleophile. If [OH⁻] is doubled, the rate contribution from this term will also double, as the rate is directly proportional to [OH⁻].
Combine the effects of both changes. Since the rate is proportional to the product of [CH₃Br] and [OH⁻], halving [CH₃Br] and doubling [OH⁻] will result in the overall rate being unchanged (0.5 × 2 = 1).

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Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the replacement of a leaving group in a molecule by a nucleophile. In this context, bromomethane (an alkyl halide) reacts with hydroxide ion (a nucleophile) to form an alcohol. The rate of these reactions can depend on the concentrations of both the nucleophile and the substrate.
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Nucleophiles and Electrophiles can react in Substitution Reactions.

Rate Law

The rate law of a reaction expresses the relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentration of its reactants. For a nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate can be influenced by the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant. Understanding the rate law helps predict how changes in concentration will affect the overall reaction rate.
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Concentration Effects on Reaction Rate

Changes in the concentration of reactants can significantly impact the rate of a chemical reaction. In this case, halving the concentration of bromomethane while doubling the concentration of hydroxide ion alters the balance of reactants. The overall effect on the reaction rate will depend on the specific rate law and the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant.
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