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Sensation and Perception - Introduction to Psychology

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • What is the difference between sensation and perception?
    Sensation is the raw data gathering from the environment (bottom-up), while perception is the brain's interpretation of that raw data (top-down).
  • What is transduction in sensation?
    Transduction is the process of converting sensory stimuli into neural signals that the brain can interpret.
  • Define absolute threshold.
    The absolute threshold is the lowest level of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.
  • What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?
    The JND is the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected.
  • Explain Weber's Law.
    Weber's Law states that the stronger the stimulus, the larger the JND needed to detect a change.
  • What does Signal Detection Theory explain?
    It explains how we detect signals amidst noise and accounts for factors like response bias in sensory detection.
  • What is selective attention?
    Selective attention is the brain's ability to focus on important sensory information while filtering out less relevant stimuli.
  • What is inattentional blindness?
    Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice visible stimuli when attention is focused elsewhere.
  • What is change blindness?
    Change blindness is the failure to detect changes in the environment, especially when attention is diverted.
  • What are the three visible structures of the eye?
    The sclera (white part), iris (colored part controlling pupil size), and pupil (light entry point).
  • What are rods and cones in the retina?
    Rods detect basic shapes and forms; cones detect color and detail.
  • Summarize the Trichromatic Theory of color vision.
    We perceive color through three types of cones sensitive to red, blue, and green light.
  • What does the Opponent Process Theory explain?
    It explains color perception through three pairs of opponent cells: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white, accounting for afterimages.
  • What are the main characteristics of sound waves?
    Pitch (frequency), loudness (amplitude), and timbre (quality or complexity).
  • Describe the basic parts of the ear involved in hearing.
    The outer ear funnels sound, the middle ear transmits vibrations, and the inner ear (cochlea) converts vibrations into neural signals.
  • What is the Place Theory of pitch perception?
    Pitch is determined by the location of hair cell activation on the basilar membrane; explains high-pitched sounds.
  • What is the Frequency Theory of pitch perception?
    Pitch is determined by the rate of neural firing; explains low-pitched sounds.
  • How do smell and taste receptors work?
    Olfactory neurons have receptors recognizing odorants by shape; taste buds detect five basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.
  • What is sensory adaptation?
    Sensory adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to a stimulus after prolonged exposure.
  • What is bottom-up processing?
    Perception driven by sensory input features without influence from prior knowledge.
  • What is top-down processing?
    Perception influenced by beliefs, expectations, and prior knowledge.
  • What are monocular and binocular cues in visual perception?
    Monocular cues use one eye (e.g., relative size), binocular cues use both eyes (e.g., binocular disparity) for depth perception.
  • What is subliminal perception?
    Processing stimuli presented below conscious awareness that may influence behavior temporarily.
  • What is the cocktail party effect?
    The ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment while filtering out other stimuli.
  • What is the function of the fovea?
    The fovea is the point of central focus in the retina with the highest concentration of cones for detailed vision.