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Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.
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3. Energy & Cell Processes
Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration
2:41 minutiProblema 8
Domanda del libro di testo
In which of the following is the first molecule becoming reduced to the second molecule? a. pyruvate → acetylCoA b. pyruvate → lactate c. glucose → pyruvate d. NADH + H+ →NAD+ + 2H
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the definition of reduction in a chemical reaction, which involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
Examine each pair of molecules in the options to determine if the second molecule in the pair has gained electrons or has a lower oxidation state compared to the first molecule.
For option a, understand that the conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA involves the loss of carbon as CO2, which is an oxidation process, not reduction.
For option b, recognize that the conversion of pyruvate to lactate involves the gain of electrons (hydrogen atoms), indicating a reduction process.
For options c and d, analyze the changes in electron configuration or hydrogen atoms to determine if there is a gain of electrons in the second molecule. Option d, the conversion of NADH + H+ to NAD+ + 2H, involves the loss of electrons (oxidation) from NADH.
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Reduction
Reduction is a chemical process where a molecule gains electrons or hydrogen atoms, resulting in a decrease in oxidation state. In biological systems, reduction often involves the conversion of oxidized forms of molecules into their reduced counterparts, which is crucial for energy production and metabolic pathways.
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Redox Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two species. In these reactions, one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) while another is reduced (gains electrons). Understanding these reactions is essential for analyzing metabolic processes, such as cellular respiration and fermentation.
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04:46Redox Reactions
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways are series of interconnected biochemical reactions that occur within a cell, leading to the conversion of substrates into products. Each step in a pathway is catalyzed by specific enzymes, and understanding these pathways helps in identifying how molecules like pyruvate and NADH are transformed during cellular metabolism.
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02:17Introduction to Metabolism
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