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What is cardiac output, and how is it calculated?
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Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units21
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric20
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System11
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue19
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity32
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System19
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System23
- Ch. 17 Blood25
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart24
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues14
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
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Marieb, Hoehn 11th EditionCh. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The HeartProblema 16
Marieb, Hoehn 11th EditionCh. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The HeartProblema 16Capitolo 18, Problema 16
Describe the pericardium and distinguish between the fibrous and the serous pericardia relative to histological structure and location.
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Begin by defining the pericardium as the double-walled sac that encloses the heart, providing protection and anchoring it within the thoracic cavity.
Explain that the pericardium consists of two main layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium, each with distinct histological features and locations.
Describe the fibrous pericardium as the outer layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue. It is tough and inelastic, serving to protect the heart and prevent overexpansion. It attaches to the diaphragm and the great vessels.
Detail the serous pericardium as the inner layer, which is a thin, double-layered membrane made of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and underlying connective tissue. It has two parts: the parietal layer lining the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer (also called the epicardium) covering the heart surface.
Clarify that between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction during heartbeats.
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Pericardium Overview
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that encloses the heart, providing protection and reducing friction during heartbeats. It consists of two main layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium, each with distinct structures and functions.
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Fibrous Pericardium
The fibrous pericardium is the tough, outer layer made of dense connective tissue. It anchors the heart to surrounding structures like the diaphragm and sternum, preventing overexpansion. Histologically, it is composed mainly of collagen fibers and lacks elasticity.
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5:59Fibrous Layer
Serous Pericardium
The serous pericardium is a thin, inner layer divided into the parietal and visceral layers. It is composed of a simple squamous mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The space between these layers contains serous fluid, which reduces friction during heart movements.
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3:55Locations of Serous Membranes
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Describe how heart contraction and relaxation influence coronary blood flow
Name the major branches of the coronary arteries, and note the heart regions served by each
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The activity of the heart depends on intrinsic properties of cardiac muscle and on neural factors. Thus:
a. Vagus nerve stimulation of the heart reduces heart rate
b. Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the heart decreases time available for ventricular filling
c. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases its force of contraction
d. All of the above
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Trace one drop of blood from the time it enters the right atrium until it enters the left atrium. What is this circuit called?
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Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart in order, beginning with the pacemaker
What is the important function of this conduction system?
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As Cara worked at her dissection, she became frustrated that several of the structures she had to learn about had more than one common name. Provide another name for each of these structures:
a. Atrioventricular groove
b. Tricuspid valve
c. Bicuspid valve (give two synonyms)
d. Atrioventricular bundle
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