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Evolutionary Processes in General Biology

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  • What is evolution in terms of populations?
    Evolution is the change in allele frequency in a population over time.
  • What are the two scales of evolution?
    Macroevolution: large changes over long time; Microevolution: small changes over short time.
  • What are alleles?
    Alleles are different versions of a gene.
  • What are the three main mechanisms of evolution?
    Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow.
  • How does natural selection affect allele frequencies?
    Certain alleles increase an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction, increasing their frequency.
  • What is genetic drift?
    Random changes in allele frequency due to chance, especially in small populations.
  • What is gene flow?
    Movement of alleles between populations through migration or dispersal.
  • What are mutations and their role in evolution?
    Mutations are changes in DNA that introduce new alleles and genetic variation.
  • What processes create new combinations of alleles?
    Sexual reproduction and recombination (crossing over and independent assortment).
  • Define gene pool and allele frequency.
    Gene pool: all alleles in a population; Allele frequency: proportion of a specific allele in the gene pool.
  • What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
    A model predicting genotype frequencies in a population with two alleles assuming no evolution and random mating.
  • Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies.
    Genotype frequencies: AA = \(p^2\), Aa = \(2pq\), aa = \(q^2\), where p + q = 1.
  • What are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
    Random mating, no mutation, no natural selection, no gene flow, and infinite population size.
  • What is non-random mating and its effect?
    Certain genotypes mate more often; affects genotype frequencies but not allele frequencies.
  • Describe directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.
    Directional: favors one extreme; Stabilizing: favors intermediate; Disruptive: favors both extremes.
  • What is balancing selection?
    Selection that maintains multiple alleles in a population, e.g., heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection.
  • What is sexual selection?
    Selection for traits that increase mating success, leading to sexual dimorphism.
  • How does genetic drift affect small populations?
    It causes greater random changes in allele frequencies and can reduce genetic variation.
  • What are founder effect and population bottleneck?
    Founder effect: new population started by few individuals; Bottleneck: sudden population size reduction causing loss of genetic diversity.
  • How does gene flow influence populations?
    Gene flow introduces new alleles, increasing genetic variation and reducing differences between populations.