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General Biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • Griffith's experiment
    Showed that a 'transforming principle' from dead bacteria could genetically change living bacteria, suggesting DNA carries genetic information.
  • Hershey and Chase experiment
    Used bacteriophages to prove DNA, not protein, is the genetic material by tracking radioactive labels in DNA and protein.
  • Structure of DNA
    DNA is a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) paired by hydrogen bonds.
  • Structure of RNA
    Single-stranded nucleic acid with ribose sugar and bases A, U, C, G; uracil replaces thymine found in DNA.
  • DNA replication process
    DNA unwinds, and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand following the semiconservative model.
  • Semiconservative model
    Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
  • Role of DNA polymerase
    Enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication and proofreads for errors.
  • Function of DNA ligase
    Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to create a continuous DNA strand.
  • Transcription location and products
    Occurs in the nucleus; produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
  • Translation location and products
    Occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes; produces polypeptides (proteins) from mRNA.
  • Genetic code
    Set of rules by which nucleotide triplets (codons) in mRNA specify amino acids in proteins.
  • Codon
    A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or stop signal.
  • Anticodon
    A three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon.
  • mRNA processing in eukaryotes
    Includes 5' capping, poly-A tail addition, and RNA splicing to remove introns before export from the nucleus.
  • RNA splicing
    Removal of non-coding introns from pre-mRNA and joining of exons to form mature mRNA.
  • Structure and function of tRNA
    tRNA has an anticodon region and an amino acid attachment site; it delivers amino acids during translation.
  • Ribosome structure and function
    Composed of rRNA and proteins; facilitates the binding of tRNA and mRNA to synthesize polypeptides.
  • Start codon
    The codon AUG signals the start of translation and codes for methionine.
  • Stop codons
    Codons UAA, UAG, and UGA signal termination of translation.
  • Frameshift mutation
    Mutation caused by insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame, altering downstream amino acid sequence.
  • Missense mutation
    A nucleotide change that results in a different amino acid in the protein.
  • Nonsense mutation
    A mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, prematurely terminating translation.
  • Silent mutation
    A nucleotide change that does not alter the amino acid sequence due to genetic code redundancy.
  • Mutagen
    An agent, such as radiation or chemicals, that causes mutations in DNA.
  • Sugar-phosphate backbone
    The repeating chain of sugar and phosphate groups forming the structural framework of DNA and RNA strands.
  • Triplet code
    The three-nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA that corresponds to one amino acid.
  • Phage
    A virus that infects bacteria, used in experiments to study genetic material.
  • Promoter
    A DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
  • Terminator
    A DNA sequence signaling the end of transcription.
  • Reverse transcriptase
    An enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template, used by retroviruses.