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General Biology: Genetics and Cell Biology Flashcards

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Termini in questo insieme (61)

  • Result of crossing true-breeding purple-flowered and white-flowered pea plants
    All offspring have purple flowers, showing purple is the dominant allele.
  • Phenotypic ratio of seed color in F1 x F1 cross (yellow x green seeds)
    Expected ratio is 3 yellow : 1 green, with yellow dominant over green.
  • Allele for purple flowers in Mendel's pea plants
    The purple flower allele is dominant.
  • Genotype of an individual heterozygous for dimples
    The genotype is heterozygous, having one dominant and one recessive allele.
  • Definition of homozygous
    Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
  • Crosses that produce only heterozygous offspring
    Crossing two homozygous parents with different alleles (e.g., AA x aa).
  • Purpose of a test cross
    Cross an individual with a dominant phenotype to a homozygous recessive to determine genotype.
  • Significance of an AaBb individual producing four gametes equally
    Demonstrates independent assortment of alleles.
  • Probability next child is male after two female children
    The probability remains 50%, independent of previous children.
  • Inheritance pattern of achondroplasia
    Dominant allele causes condition; homozygous dominant is lethal; heterozygotes show dwarfism.
  • Example of an organism that reproduces asexually
    Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.
  • Location of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
    Chromosomes are located in the nucleus.
  • Components of chromatin
    Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
  • Components of a duplicated chromosome
    Two sister chromatids joined at a centromere.
  • Events of interphase
    Cell grows, DNA replicates, and prepares for mitosis.
  • Events of prophase in mitosis
    Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.
  • Correct sequence of mitosis stages
    Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase.
  • Events of metaphase
    Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
  • Events of anaphase
    Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Stage when cytokinesis typically occurs
    Cytokinesis usually occurs during telophase.
  • Sex chromosomes of a normal human male
    XY chromosomes.
  • Definition of autosomes
    Chromosomes that do not determine sex.
  • Result of sexual intercourse in humans
    Fertilization produces a diploid zygote.
  • Events during metaphase I of meiosis
    Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate.
  • Unique characteristic of prophase I
    Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes.
  • Difference between anaphase II and mitotic anaphase
    Anaphase II separates sister chromatids; mitotic anaphase also separates sister chromatids.
  • Difference between mitosis and meiosis
    Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells.
  • Result of crossing over during prophase I
    Genetic recombination increases genetic diversity.
  • Components of nucleosomes
    DNA wrapped around histone protein cores.
  • Definition of karyotype
    A visual profile of an individual's chromosomes.
  • Technique to collect fetal cells for genetic testing
    Amniocentesis.
  • Key to recognizing codominance
    Both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote.
  • Many human traits like intelligence are
    Polygenic and influenced by multiple genes and environment.
  • Explanation for BbCc x bbcc cross producing 5:5:1:1 ratio
    Shows linked genes with some recombination.
  • Probability second child has recessive disease if both parents heterozygous
    25% chance the child will have the disease.
  • Backbone of DNA
    Sugar-phosphate backbone.
  • RNA base replacing thymine in DNA
    Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
  • Percentage of guanine if adenine is 20% in DNA
    Guanine is 30% due to base pairing rules.
  • Base pairing in DNA
    Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine.
  • What happens after DNA replication
    Two identical DNA molecules are formed.
  • Enzymes joining nucleotides during replication
    DNA polymerases.
  • Number of nucleotides in a codon
    Three nucleotides.
  • Shared genetic code evidence
    All life shares a common evolutionary origin.
  • Expressed regions of eukaryotic genes
    Exons.
  • Translation converts information from
    mRNA to polypeptide (protein).
  • RNA translated into polypeptide
    Messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • Sequence of events during transcription
    Initiation, elongation, termination.
  • Location of translation
    At the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
  • Peptide bonds form between
    Amino acids during protein synthesis.
  • Ultimate source of all diversity
    Genetic mutation.
  • Flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA
    Transcription.
  • Effect of a premature stop codon mutation
    Produces a truncated, usually nonfunctional protein.
  • Amino acid for codon AGC
    Serine.
  • Examples of genetic diseases: autosomal recessive
    Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia.
  • Examples of genetic diseases: autosomal dominant
    Achondroplasia, Huntington's disease.
  • Examples of sex-linked traits
    Hemophilia, color blindness.
  • Examples of chromosomal defects
    Down syndrome, Turner syndrome.
  • Definition of aneuploidy
    Abnormal number of chromosomes.
  • Difference between transcription and translation
    Transcription makes RNA from DNA; translation makes protein from mRNA.
  • Functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
    • mRNA: carries genetic code
    • tRNA: brings amino acids
    • rRNA: forms ribosome structure
  • Function of ribosome
    Site of protein synthesis.