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Ch. 19 - Viruses
Campbell - Campbell Biology 11th Edition
Urry11th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9789357423311Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoUrry 11th EditionCh. 19 - VirusesProblema 2
Capitolo 19, Problema 2

Emerging viruses arise by
a. Mutation of existing viruses.
b. The spread of existing viruses to new host species.
c. The spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species.
d. All of the above.

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Understand the concept of 'emerging viruses': Emerging viruses are those that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing.
Consider option a: Mutation of existing viruses. Viruses can mutate rapidly, leading to new strains that may be more infectious or evade the immune system, contributing to their emergence.
Consider option b: The spread of existing viruses to new host species. When a virus jumps from its original host species to a new one, it can lead to the emergence of new viral diseases in the new host population.
Consider option c: The spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species. Increased transmission within a host species can lead to higher incidence rates and potentially new outbreaks, contributing to the virus being considered 'emerging'.
Evaluate option d: All of the above. Since all the previous options (a, b, and c) describe mechanisms by which viruses can emerge, this option suggests that emerging viruses can arise through any or all of these processes.

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Viral Mutation

Viral mutation refers to changes in the genetic material of a virus, which can occur during replication. These mutations can lead to new viral strains with different characteristics, potentially increasing their ability to infect hosts or evade immune responses. Understanding viral mutation is crucial for comprehending how new viral variants emerge and adapt.
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Mutations

Host Species Jumping

Host species jumping, or zoonosis, occurs when a virus that typically infects one species adapts to infect a different species. This process can lead to the emergence of new viral diseases in humans or other animals. It often involves genetic changes that allow the virus to overcome species-specific barriers to infection.
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Biological Species Concept

Viral Spread Within Host Species

The spread of viruses within a host species involves the transmission of the virus among individuals of the same species. Factors such as population density, social behavior, and environmental conditions can influence how widely a virus spreads. Understanding these dynamics is essential for controlling outbreaks and preventing widespread transmission.
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Different Ways to Define Species
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RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because

a. Host cells rapidly destroy the viruses.

b. Host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome.

c. These enzymes translate viral mRNA into proteins.

d. These enzymes penetrate host cell membranes.

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Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses?

a. Metabolism

b. Ribosomes

c. Genetic material composed of nucleic acid

d. Cell division

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To cause a human pandemic, the H5N1 avian flu virus would have to

a. Spread to primates such as chimpanzees.

b. Develop into a virus with a different host range.

c. Become capable of human-to-human transmission.

d. Become much more pathogenic.

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A bacterium is infected with an experimentally constructed bacteriophage composed of the T2 phage protein coat and T4 phage DNA. The new phages produced would have

a. T2 protein and T4 DNA.

b. T4 protein and T2 DNA.

c. T2 protein and T2 DNA.

d. T4 protein and T4 DNA.

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