Based on the tree in Figure 32.11, which statement is false?
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a. The animal kingdom is monophyletic.
b. Acoelomate flatworms are more closely related to echinoderms than to annelids.
c. Sponges are basal animals.
d. Bilaterians form a clade.

Guida verificata passo dopo passo

Step 1: Understand the concept of monophyletic groups. A monophyletic group consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. In the context of the animal kingdom, this means all animals share a common ancestor.

Step 2: Examine the relationship between acoelomate flatworms, echinoderms, and annelids. Acoelomate flatworms lack a body cavity, while echinoderms and annelids have different body structures. Consider their evolutionary relationships based on the tree.

Step 3: Identify the basal animals in the phylogenetic tree. Basal animals are those that diverged early in the evolutionary history of a group. Sponges are often considered basal due to their simple structure and early divergence.

Step 4: Define what a clade is. A clade is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants. Bilaterians, which have bilateral symmetry, form a clade in the animal kingdom.

Step 5: Analyze each statement in the context of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 32.11. Determine which statement does not align with the evolutionary relationships depicted in the tree.

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Monophyletic Group

A monophyletic group, or clade, consists of an ancestor and all its descendants, representing a single branch on the tree of life. In the context of the animal kingdom, being monophyletic means all animals share a common ancestor, forming a distinct lineage separate from other life forms.

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Phylogenetic Relationships

Phylogenetic relationships refer to the evolutionary connections between different species or groups, often depicted in a phylogenetic tree. Understanding these relationships helps determine how closely related different organisms are, such as whether acoelomate flatworms are more closely related to echinoderms or annelids.

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Basal Animals

Basal animals are those that diverged early in the evolutionary history of a group, often retaining primitive characteristics. Sponges are considered basal animals because they represent one of the earliest branches in the animal kingdom, providing insights into the early evolution of multicellular organisms.

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