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Ch. 8 - Techniques of Integration
Hass - Thomas' Calculus 15th Edition
Hass15th EditionThomas' CalculusISBN: 9780137616077Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoHass 15th EditionCh. 8 - Techniques of IntegrationProblema 8.1.42
Capitolo 8, Problema 8.1.42

The integrals in Exercises 1–44 are in no particular order. Evaluate each integral using any algebraic method, trigonometric identity, or substitution you think is appropriate.
∫ ((2ˣ - 1) / 3ˣ) dx

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Rewrite the integrand to express it in terms of exponential functions with the same base. Note that \$3^x$ can be written as \(e^{x \ln(3)}\) and \$2^x$ as \(e^{x \ln(2)}\). So, rewrite the integrand as \(\frac{2^x - 1}{3^x} = \frac{e^{x \ln(2)} - 1}{e^{x \ln(3)}}\).
Simplify the expression by splitting the fraction into two terms: \(\frac{e^{x \ln(2)}}{e^{x \ln(3)}} - \frac{1}{e^{x \ln(3)}} = e^{x (\ln(2) - \ln(3))} - e^{-x \ln(3)}\).
Recognize that \(\ln(2) - \ln(3) = \ln\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\), so the integrand becomes \(e^{x \ln(\frac{2}{3})} - e^{-x \ln(3)}\).
Set up the integral as the sum of two integrals: \(\int e^{x \ln(\frac{2}{3})} dx - \int e^{-x \ln(3)} dx\).
Integrate each term separately using the formula \(\int e^{ax} dx = \frac{1}{a} e^{ax} + C\). For the first integral, \(a = \ln\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\), and for the second, \(a = -\ln(3)\). Write the antiderivatives accordingly.

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Properties of Exponential Functions

Exponential functions have the form a^x, where the base a is a positive constant. Understanding how to manipulate expressions like 2^x and 3^x, including rewriting them using properties such as a^(x)/b^(x) = (a/b)^x, is essential for simplifying the integrand before integration.
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Integration of Exponential Functions

Integrating exponential functions involves recognizing that the integral of a^x with respect to x is (a^x) / (ln a) + C, where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. This formula is crucial for evaluating integrals containing terms like (2/3)^x or 3^{-x} after simplification.
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Algebraic Manipulation and Simplification

Before integrating, it is often necessary to simplify the integrand by algebraic manipulation, such as separating terms, factoring, or rewriting expressions. This step helps to transform the integral into a sum or difference of simpler integrals that can be evaluated using standard methods.
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