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Intracellular messnegers: Hormones and Nitric Oxide definitions

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Termini in questo insieme (14)

  • Hormone
    A molecule that diffuses across the plasma membrane to bind specific intracellular receptors, triggering gene regulation.
  • Steroid hormone
    A lipid-soluble signaling molecule that binds to nuclear receptors, initiating transcriptional changes in target cells.
  • Plasma membrane
    A cellular barrier that certain small, nonpolar molecules like hormones and nitric oxide can cross without assistance.
  • Intracellular receptor
    A protein inside the cell that binds signaling molecules, leading to downstream effects such as gene expression changes.
  • Nuclear receptor
    A cytosolic or nuclear protein that, upon ligand binding, translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
  • Cytosol
    The fluid component of the cell where some nuclear receptors reside before activation and nuclear translocation.
  • Transcriptional regulator
    A molecule that modulates gene expression by interacting with specific DNA regulatory sites in the nucleus.
  • DNA regulatory site
    A specific DNA sequence where activated nuclear receptors bind to control gene transcription.
  • Nitric oxide
    A gaseous signaling molecule that diffuses into cells and activates intracellular proteins, influencing diverse pathways.
  • Intracellular signaling protein
    A protein within the cell that interacts with small messengers like nitric oxide to propagate cellular responses.
  • Muscle relaxation
    A physiological effect in blood vessels triggered by nitric oxide signaling, leading to vessel dilation.
  • Guanylate cyclase
    An enzyme activated by nitric oxide that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP.
  • Cyclic GMP
    A second messenger produced by guanylate cyclase, mediating effects such as those seen with Viagra.
  • Gene expression
    The process by which information from DNA is used to synthesize functional gene products, regulated by nuclear receptors.