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General Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration

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  • What does the hydrogen line spectrum indicate about energy levels?
    The hydrogen line spectrum shows that energy levels of the hydrogen atom are quantized, meaning electrons occupy discrete energy levels.
  • What is a principal quantum number (n)?
    The principal quantum number n denotes the energy level or shell an electron occupies around the nucleus, with values n = 1, 2, 3, ...
  • What are atomic orbitals?
    Atomic orbitals are spaces around the nucleus where electrons reside, analogous to designated seats for electrons.
  • How many atomic orbitals are in the n=1 energy level?
    The n=1 energy level has one atomic orbital: the 1s orbital.
  • What sublevels are present in the n=2 energy level?
    The n=2 energy level has two sublevels: 2s (one orbital) and 2p (three orbitals: 2px, 2py, 2pz).
  • Define degeneracy in atomic orbitals.
    Degeneracy means multiple atomic orbitals within the same energy level have the same energy.
  • What sublevels are found in the n=3 energy level?
    The n=3 energy level contains 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3 orbitals), and 3d (5 orbitals) sublevels.
  • What sublevels are found in the n=4 energy level?
    The n=4 energy level contains 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 orbitals), 4d (5 orbitals), and 4f (7 orbitals) sublevels.
  • How many electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital?
    A single atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
  • What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
    The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers; an orbital holds two electrons with opposite spins.
  • What is electron spin?
    Electron spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum causing electrons to have a magnetic moment with two allowed orientations: up or down.
  • What does Hund's rule state about electron arrangement in orbitals?
    Hund's rule states electrons fill orbitals of equal energy singly with parallel spins before pairing to minimize repulsion.
  • What is the Aufbau principle?
    The Aufbau principle guides electron filling order, starting from the lowest energy orbital (1s) and filling orbitals in order of increasing energy.
  • What are exceptions to the Aufbau principle in electron configurations?
    Elements like Cr (Z=24) and Cu (Z=29) have exceptions due to close energy levels and extra stability from half-filled or fully filled d orbitals.
  • How is the electron configuration of sodium (Na, Z=11) written?
    Sodium's electron configuration is \(1s^22s^22p^63s^1\).
  • What is an ionic bond?
    An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion.
  • What are cations and anions?
    Cations are positively charged ions formed by loss of electrons; anions are negatively charged ions formed by gain of electrons.
  • How do electrons arrange themselves in multi-electron atoms?
    Electrons arrange in shells and subshells following principles like Pauli exclusion, Hund's rule, and the Aufbau principle to minimize energy.
  • What is the maximum number of electrons in the 4p sublevel?
    The 4p sublevel has three orbitals, so it can hold a maximum of 6 electrons.
  • How many electrons can the n=3 energy level hold?
    The n=3 energy level can hold up to 18 electrons (1 orbital in 3s, 3 in 3p, 5 in 3d).