IndietroGeneral Chemistry Key Concepts
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Termini in questo insieme (28)
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number (number of protons).
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
An atom has a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals.
The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and defines the element.
Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of an element's isotopes, measured in atomic mass units (amu).
A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in molecules or compounds.
Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.
Covalent bonds form when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.
The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have eight electrons in their valence shell.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
A mole is the amount of substance containing exactly \(6.022\times10^{23}\) entities (Avogadro's number).
The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on balanced equations.
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
An Arrhenius acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in aqueous solution.
An Arrhenius base increases the concentration of OH- ions in aqueous solution.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat; exothermic reactions release heat.
The ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature, and moles: \(PV=nRT\).
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, expressed as mol/L.
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
A polar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally between atoms due to differences in electronegativity.
A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared equally between atoms with similar electronegativities.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.
A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
A physical change alters form without changing composition; a chemical change produces new substances.