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General Chemistry: Polyatomic Ions, Periodic Table Charges, Oxidation Numbers, and Solubility Rules

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is a polyatomic ion?

    A polyatomic ion is a charged species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded that act as a single ion.

  • Common polyatomic ion: Nitrate

    Nitrate ion is \(NO_3^-\) with a charge of -1.

  • Common polyatomic ion: Sulfate

    Sulfate ion is \(SO_4^{2-}\) with a charge of -2.

  • Common polyatomic ion: Ammonium

    Ammonium ion is \(NH_4^+\) with a charge of +1.

  • Charge of alkali metals in the periodic table

    Alkali metals (Group 1) have a charge of +1 when forming ions.

  • Charge of alkaline earth metals in the periodic table

    Alkaline earth metals (Group 2) have a charge of +2 when forming ions.

  • Charge of halogens in the periodic table

    Halogens (Group 17) typically have a charge of -1 when forming ions.

  • Charge of oxygen in most compounds

    Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2 in compounds.

  • Rule for oxidation number of free elements

    The oxidation number of any free element is 0.

  • Rule for oxidation number of monoatomic ions

    The oxidation number of a monoatomic ion equals its charge.

  • Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound

    The sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is 0.

  • Sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion

    The sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion equals the charge of the ion.

  • Oxidation number of hydrogen in most compounds

    Hydrogen usually has an oxidation number of +1 when bonded to nonmetals.

  • Oxidation number of hydrogen when bonded to metals

    When bonded to metals, hydrogen has an oxidation number of -1.

  • General solubility rule for nitrates

    All nitrate (NO3-) salts are soluble in water.

  • General solubility rule for alkali metal salts

    Salts of alkali metals (Group 1) are soluble in water.

  • General solubility rule for halide salts

    Most halide (Cl-, Br-, I-) salts are soluble except those of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2+.

  • General solubility rule for sulfate salts

    Most sulfate (SO4 2-) salts are soluble except those of Ba2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, and Ca2+.

  • General solubility rule for hydroxides

    Most hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble except those of alkali metals and Ba2+.

  • General solubility rule for carbonates and phosphates

    Most carbonates (CO3 2-) and phosphates (PO4 3-) are insoluble except those of alkali metals and ammonium.