Domanda del libro di testo
Name the phase transition in each of the following situations and indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic: (d) Molten lava from a volcano turns into solid rock.
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Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement146
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions200
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry176
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution155
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry126
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms131
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements126
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding123
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories143
- Ch.10 - Gases147
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces91
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials122
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions126
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics174
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium101
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria139
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria146
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment72
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics129
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry142
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry101
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals68
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry66
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry10
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 11, Problema 39b
The boiling points, surface tensions, and viscosities of water and several alcohols are listed in the following table:
b. How do you explain the fact that propanol and ethylene glycol have similar molecular weights (60 vs. 62 amu), yet the viscosity of ethylene glycol is more than 10 times larger than propanol?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the molecular structures of propanol and ethylene glycol. Propanol is C3H7OH, and ethylene glycol is C2H4(OH)2.
Consider the functional groups present in each molecule. Propanol has one hydroxyl group (-OH), while ethylene glycol has two hydroxyl groups.
Understand that the presence of hydroxyl groups leads to hydrogen bonding. Ethylene glycol, with two -OH groups, can form more hydrogen bonds compared to propanol.
Recognize that increased hydrogen bonding in ethylene glycol results in stronger intermolecular forces, which contribute to higher viscosity.
Conclude that despite similar molecular weights, the ability of ethylene glycol to form more hydrogen bonds due to its two hydroxyl groups leads to its significantly higher viscosity compared to propanol.
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Molecular Weight and Viscosity
Molecular weight is the mass of a molecule, typically measured in atomic mass units (amu). While similar molecular weights can suggest comparable sizes, viscosity is influenced by intermolecular forces and molecular structure. Ethylene glycol, with its two hydroxyl (-OH) groups, forms stronger hydrogen bonds than propanol, leading to higher resistance to flow and thus greater viscosity.
Video consigliato:
Percorso guidato
03:45
Weight Conversion Example
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces between molecules that significantly affect physical properties like boiling point and viscosity. Ethylene glycol exhibits stronger hydrogen bonding due to its structure, which increases its viscosity compared to propanol. Understanding these forces helps explain why substances with similar molecular weights can have vastly different physical properties.
Video consigliato:
Percorso guidato
01:59Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding is a specific type of strong dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms like oxygen. In ethylene glycol, the presence of two -OH groups allows for extensive hydrogen bonding, resulting in a much higher viscosity compared to propanol, which has only one -OH group. This difference in bonding capabilities is crucial for understanding the viscosity disparity.
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Percorso guidato
01:22Hydrogenation Reactions
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Name the phase transition in each of the following situations and indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic: (c) Rubbing alcohol in an open container slowly disappears.
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Liquids can interact with flat surfaces just as they can with capillary tubes; the cohesive forces within the liquid can be stronger or weaker than the adhesive forces between liquid and surface:
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(c) Why do substances with high surface tension also tend to have high viscosities?
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