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Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials
Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 15th Edition
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoBrown 15th EditionCh.12 - Solids and Modern MaterialsProblema 22c
Capitolo 12, Problema 22c

Two patterns of packing two different circles of the same size are shown here. For each structure (c) determine the type of two-dimensional lattice (from Figure 12.4). (i)
Two packing patterns of circles labeled I and II, illustrating crystalline solid structures.


(ii)

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1
Observe the two packing patterns of circles labeled I and II.
Identify the type of two-dimensional lattice for pattern I. Notice that the circles are arranged in a hexagonal pattern, where each circle is surrounded by six others.
Identify the type of two-dimensional lattice for pattern II. Notice that the circles are arranged in a rectangular pattern, where each circle is surrounded by four others.
Refer to Figure 12.4 in your textbook to match these observations with the corresponding lattice types.
Conclude that pattern I corresponds to a hexagonal lattice and pattern II corresponds to a rectangular lattice.

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Two-Dimensional Lattices

A two-dimensional lattice is a regular arrangement of points in a plane, where each point represents the position of a particle, such as atoms or molecules. The arrangement can be characterized by its symmetry and the shape of the unit cell, which is the smallest repeating unit that defines the entire lattice structure. Common types of two-dimensional lattices include square, rectangular, and hexagonal lattices.
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Lattice Energy

Crystalline Structures

Crystalline structures are ordered arrangements of atoms or molecules in a solid, resulting in distinct geometric shapes. In two dimensions, these structures can be visualized as patterns of circles or spheres that represent the particles. The packing efficiency and arrangement of these particles determine the properties of the material, such as density and stability.
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Crystalline Solids Structure

Packing Efficiency

Packing efficiency refers to the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by the particles, compared to the total volume of the unit cell. It is a crucial concept in understanding how tightly particles are packed in a lattice. Different packing arrangements, such as close-packed or simple arrangements, lead to varying packing efficiencies, influencing the physical properties of the material.
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Cubic Unit Cells
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Two patterns of packing for two different circles of the same size are shown here. For each structure (b) determine the angle between the lattice vectors, g, and determine whether the lattice vectors are of the same length or of different lengths; (i)

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(a) Draw a picture that represents a crystalline solid at the atomic level.

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(b) Now draw a picture that represents an amorphous solid at the atomic level.

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