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Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics
Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 15th Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoBrown 15th EditionCh.14 - Chemical KineticsProblema 123a
Capitolo 14, Problema 123a

Many primary amines, RNH2, where R is a carboncontaining fragment such as CH3, CH3CH2, and so on, undergo reactions where the transition state is tetrahedral. (a) Draw a hybrid orbital picture to visualize the bonding at the nitrogen in a primary amine (just use a C atom for 'R').

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Identify the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in a primary amine. Since nitrogen in amines typically forms three sigma bonds and has one lone pair, it is sp3 hybridized.
Visualize the sp3 hybridization: The nitrogen atom uses its sp3 hybrid orbitals to form bonds. These orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral geometry.
Draw the nitrogen atom at the center with its sp3 hybrid orbitals extending outwards. Each orbital forms a bond with either a hydrogen atom or the carbon atom (R group).
Represent the lone pair on nitrogen: One of the sp3 hybrid orbitals contains a lone pair of electrons, which is not involved in bonding.
Illustrate the bonding: Draw three sigma bonds from the nitrogen atom, two to hydrogen atoms and one to the carbon atom (R group), showing the tetrahedral arrangement.

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Hybridization

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that can accommodate the bonding requirements of atoms in molecules. In the case of primary amines, the nitrogen atom undergoes sp3 hybridization, resulting in four equivalent hybrid orbitals that allow for the formation of sigma bonds with hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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Hybridization

Tetrahedral Geometry

Tetrahedral geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of four electron groups around a central atom, resulting in bond angles of approximately 109.5 degrees. In primary amines, the tetrahedral arrangement around the nitrogen atom is crucial for understanding the molecular shape and the nature of the transition state during reactions.
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Electron Geometry

Transition State

The transition state is a high-energy, unstable arrangement of atoms that occurs during a chemical reaction, representing the point at which reactants are transformed into products. In the context of primary amines, the tetrahedral transition state indicates that the nitrogen's hybrid orbitals play a significant role in stabilizing this state as the reaction proceeds.
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Transition Metals
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Domanda del libro di testo

The rates of many atmospheric reactions are accelerated by the absorption of light by one of the reactants. For example, consider the reaction between methane and chlorine to produce methyl chloride and hydrogen chloride:

Reaction 1: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)

This reaction is very slow in the absence of light. However, Cl2(g) can absorb light to form Cl atoms:

Reaction 2: Cl2(g) + hv → 2 Cl(g)

Once the Cl atoms are generated, they can catalyze the reaction of CH4 and Cl2, according to the following proposed mechanism:

Reaction 3: CH4(g) + Cl(g) → CH3(g) + HCl(g)

Reaction 4: CH3(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + Cl(g)

The enthalpy changes and activation energies for these two reactions are tabulated as follows:

Reaction ΔH° (kJ/mol) Ea (kJ/mol)

3 +4 17

4 -109 4 

(b) By using the data tabulated here, sketch a quantitative energy profile for the catalyzed reaction represented by reactions 3 and 4.

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Domanda del libro di testo

The mechanism for the oxidation of HBr by O2 to form 2 H2O and Br2 is shown in Exercise 14.74. (a) Calculate the overall standard enthalpy change for the reaction process.

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Domanda del libro di testo

The mechanism for the oxidation of HBr by O2 to form 2 H2O and Br2 is shown in Exercise 14.74. (c) Draw a plausible Lewis structure for the intermediate HOOBr. To what familiar compound of hydrogen and oxygen does it appear similar?

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