Domanda del libro di testo
Consider the molecular models shown here, where X represents a halogen atom. (a) If X is the same atom in both molecules, which molecule will be more acidic?
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Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement146
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions200
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry176
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution155
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry126
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms131
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements126
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding123
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories143
- Ch.10 - Gases147
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces91
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials122
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions126
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics174
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium101
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria139
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria146
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment72
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics129
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry142
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry101
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals68
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry66
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry10
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 16, Problema 12b
Consider the molecular models shown here, where X represents a halogen atom. (b) Does the acidity of each molecule increase or decrease as the electronegativity of the atom X increases?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the relationship between electronegativity and acidity. Generally, as electronegativity increases, the ability of an atom to attract electrons increases, which can affect acidity.
Consider the role of the halogen atom X in the molecule. A more electronegative halogen will pull electron density away from the rest of the molecule, potentially stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base after the acid donates a proton.
Recall that the stability of the conjugate base is a key factor in determining the strength of an acid. A more stable conjugate base corresponds to a stronger acid.
Analyze how the increased electronegativity of X affects the stability of the conjugate base. If X is more electronegative, it can better stabilize the negative charge, making the conjugate base more stable.
Conclude that as the electronegativity of the halogen atom X increases, the acidity of the molecule is likely to increase due to the increased stability of the conjugate base.
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons in a chemical bond. In the context of halogens, as electronegativity increases, the atom's ability to stabilize negative charge also increases, which can influence the acidity of the molecule. Higher electronegativity typically leads to stronger bonds with hydrogen, affecting the molecule's tendency to donate protons.
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Percorso guidato
02:10
Electronegativity Trends
Acidity
Acidity refers to the ability of a substance to donate protons (H⁺ ions) in a solution. The strength of an acid is often determined by the stability of the conjugate base formed after the proton is lost. In the case of halogen-containing acids, the more electronegative the halogen, the more stable the conjugate base, which generally results in increased acidity.
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01:03Binary Acids
Conjugate Base Stability
The stability of a conjugate base is crucial in determining the strength of an acid. A more stable conjugate base is less likely to re-accept a proton, thus favoring the dissociation of the acid. In halogen acids, as the electronegativity of the halogen increases, the conjugate base becomes more stable due to the effective delocalization of negative charge, leading to increased acidity.
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00:50Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases
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Phenylephrine, an organic substance with molecular formula C9H13NO2, is used as a nasal decongenstant in over-thecounter medications. The molecular structure of phenylephrine is shown below using the usual shortcut organic structure. (c) Would you expect a solution of phenylephrine hydrochloride to be acidic, neutral, or basic?
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