Domanda del libro di testo
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (c) In a certain spontaneous process the system undergoes an entropy change of 4.2 J/K; therefore, the entropy change of the surroundings must be -4.2 J/K.
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Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement146
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions200
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry176
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution155
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry126
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms131
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements126
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding123
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories143
- Ch.10 - Gases147
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces91
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials122
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions126
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics174
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium101
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria139
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria146
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment72
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics129
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry142
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry101
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals68
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry66
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry10
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 19, Problema 26b
(b) In a particular spontaneous process the entropy of the system decreases. What can you conclude about the sign and magnitude of ΔSsurr?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the given information: The entropy of the system (ΔSsys) decreases, which means ΔSsys is negative.
Recall the second law of thermodynamics, which states that for a spontaneous process, the total entropy change of the universe (ΔSuniv) must be positive, i.e., ΔSuniv = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr > 0.
Since ΔSsys is negative, ΔSsurr must be positive to ensure that the sum (ΔSuniv) is positive for the process to be spontaneous.
Determine that the magnitude of ΔSsurr must be greater than the magnitude of ΔSsys to compensate for the negative ΔSsys and still achieve a positive ΔSuniv.
Conclude that ΔSsurr is positive and its magnitude is greater than the magnitude of the negative ΔSsys.
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Entropy (S)
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. In thermodynamics, it quantifies the number of ways a system can be arranged, with higher entropy indicating greater disorder. For spontaneous processes, the second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system must increase over time, which is crucial for understanding the behavior of systems in nature.
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02:46
Entropy in Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that in any spontaneous process, the total entropy of the universe (system plus surroundings) must increase. This principle implies that if the entropy of a system decreases, the entropy of the surroundings must increase by a greater amount to ensure that the overall entropy change is positive, thus driving the spontaneity of the process.
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00:48Second Law of Thermodynamics Example
Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)
Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum reversible work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure. It is defined as ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH is the change in enthalpy, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and ΔS is the change in entropy. A negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous process, linking the concepts of entropy and energy changes in chemical reactions.
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01:51Gibbs Free Energy of Reactions
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Domanda del libro di testo
For the isothermal expansion of a gas into a vacuum, ΔE = 0, q = 0, and w = 0. (b) Explain why no work is done by the system during this process.
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Domanda del libro di testo
The element gallium (Ga) freezes at 29.8 °C, and its molar enthalpy of fusion is ΔHfus = 5.59 kJ/mol. (b) Calculate the value of ΔS when 60.0 g of Ga(l) solidifies at 29.8 °C.
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Domanda del libro di testo
(a) What sign for Δ𝑆 do you expect when the pressure on 0.600 mol of an ideal gas at 350 K is increased isothermally from an initial pressure of 0.750 atm?
(b) If the final pressure on the gas is 1.20 atm, calculate the entropy change for the process.
(c) Which of the following statements about this process are true? (i) The entropy change you calculated will be the same for at any other constant temperature. (ii) The value of Δ𝑆 you calculated is valid only if the compression is done irreversibly. (iii) If the number of moles of gas being compressed were decreased by a factor of three, the entropy change would increase by a factor of three.
Domanda del libro di testo
(c) During a certain reversible process, the surroundings undergo an entropy change, ΔSsurr = -78 J/K. What is the entropy change of the system for this process?
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Domanda del libro di testo
(a) Does the entropy of the surroundings increase for spontaneous processes?
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