Domanda del libro di testo
Some mothballs used when storing clothes are made of naphthalene (C10H8), which has the following incomplete structure.
(a) Add double bonds where needed to draw a complete electron-dot structure.
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Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures
McMurry8th EditionChemistryISBN: 9781292336145
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Chemical Tools: Experimentation & Measurement170
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules & Ions160
- Ch.3 - Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions169
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution199
- Ch.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of Atoms102
- Ch.6 - Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory92
- Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures61
- Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure59
- Ch.9 - Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy122
- Ch.10 - Gases: Their Properties & Behavior155
- Ch.11 - Liquids & Phase Changes54
- Ch.12 - Solids and Solid-State Materials73
- Ch.13 - Solutions & Their Properties120
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics98
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium125
- Ch.16 - Aqueous Equilibria: Acids & Bases110
- Ch.17 - Applications of Aqueous Equilibria147
- Ch.18 - Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy & Equilibrium86
- Ch.19 - Electrochemistry154
- Ch.20 - Nuclear Chemistry96
- Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry156
- Ch.22 - The Main Group Elements187
- Ch.23 - Organic and Biological Chemistry51
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McMurry 8th EditionCh.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot StructuresProblema 98
McMurry 8th EditionCh.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot StructuresProblema 98Capitolo 7, Problema 98
Assign formal charges to the atoms in the following structures. Which of the two do you think is the more important contributor to the resonance hybrid?(a)(b)
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Step 1: Understand the concept of formal charge. Formal charge is a bookkeeping tool used in chemistry to help determine the most likely structure of a molecule. It is calculated using the formula: Formal Charge = (Valence electrons) - (Non-bonding electrons) - (Bonding electrons/2).
Step 2: Identify the valence electrons for each atom in the given structures. Use the periodic table to find the number of valence electrons for each atom involved in the structures.
Step 3: Count the non-bonding electrons (lone pairs) and bonding electrons (shared in bonds) for each atom in the structures.
Step 4: Calculate the formal charge for each atom in both structures using the formula from Step 1.
Step 5: Compare the formal charges and overall stability of the two structures. The structure with formal charges closest to zero and/or the most electronegative atoms bearing negative charges is generally the more important contributor to the resonance hybrid.
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Formal Charge
Formal charge is a theoretical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, calculated by taking the number of valence electrons in the free atom, subtracting the number of non-bonding electrons, and half the number of bonding electrons. It helps in determining the most stable Lewis structure by minimizing the formal charges across the molecule.
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Percorso guidato
01:53
Formal Charge
Resonance Structures
Resonance structures are different Lewis structures for the same molecule that depict the delocalization of electrons. These structures are not real, but rather a way to represent the hybrid of all possible configurations, which contributes to the overall stability and reactivity of the molecule.
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Percorso guidato
01:42Resonance Structures
Resonance Hybrid
The resonance hybrid is the actual structure of a molecule that is a weighted average of all its resonance structures. It reflects the delocalization of electrons and is often more stable than any individual resonance structure, as it accounts for the contributions of all possible configurations.
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00:51Hybridization
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Propose structures for molecules that meet the following
descriptions.
(b) Contains an N atom that has one p bond and two s bonds
508
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Domanda del libro di testo
Four different structures (a), (b), (c), and (d) can be drawn for compounds named dibromobenzene, but only three different compounds actually exist. Explain.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Domanda del libro di testo
Draw the resonance structure indicated by the curved arrows. Assign formal charges, and evaluate which of the two structures is a larger contributor to the resonance hybrid.
900
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Domanda del libro di testo
In the cyanate ion, OCN-, carbon is the central atom.
(b) Which resonance structure makes the greatest contribution
to the resonance hybrid? Which makes the least
contribution? Explain.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Use the following information plus the data given in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 to calculate the second electron affinity, Eea2, of oxygen. Is the O2-ion stable in the gas phase? Why is it stable in solid MgO?
Heat of sublimation for Mg1s2 = +147.7 kJ/mol
Bond dissociation energy for O21g2 = +498.4 kJ/mol
Eea1 for O1g2 = -141.0 kJ/mol
Net energy change for formation of MgO(s) from its elements = -601.7 kJ/mol
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