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Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Genetics

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • What is a pure line in Mendel's experiments?
    Pure line means all offspring produced by mating within the line are identical for a trait, e.g., yellow-seeded plants always produce yellow seeds.
  • Define the Parental (P), F1, and F2 generations in Mendel's experiments.
    P generation is the first mating; F1 generation is offspring from P; F2 generation is offspring from self-mating F1 plants.
  • State Mendel's Law of Segregation.
    Alleles separate during meiosis so each gamete contains a single allele for each trait.
  • What does Mendel's Law of Dominance state?
    Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive; the dominant allele masks the recessive in heterozygotes.
  • Explain Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
    Genes for different traits segregate independently into gametes, meaning inheritance of one trait does not affect another.
  • What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?
    Homozygous means two identical alleles; heterozygous means two different alleles at a gene locus.
  • Describe the chromosome structure terms: metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric.
    Metacentric: centromere in center; Submetacentric: centromere off-center; Acrocentric: centromere near one end.
  • What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
    Diploid cells have two chromosome copies (two alleles per gene); haploid cells have one chromosome copy (one allele per gene).
  • What is a monohybrid cross?
    A mating between two organisms differing in alleles at a single gene.
  • What is the typical phenotypic ratio from a monohybrid heterozygous cross?
    The expected phenotypic ratio is 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
  • Define a dihybrid cross.
    A cross between organisms differing in two traits, typically heterozygous for both (e.g., BbSs).
  • What is the common phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross with independent assortment?
    The typical ratio is 9:3:3:1 for the four phenotype combinations.
  • What is the product law in genetics probability?
    The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.
  • What is the sum law in genetics probability?
    The probability of one event or another occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
  • What is nondisjunction in sex chromosomes?
    Failure of X and Y chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis, causing abnormal numbers like XXY or XO.
  • What characterizes X-linked recessive disorders?
    More males affected; affected males do not pass to sons but all daughters are carriers.
  • What characterizes X-linked dominant disorders?
    Affected males pass the trait to all daughters but no sons; affected females pass to half offspring.
  • What is a pedigree in genetics?
    A diagram mapping family matings and inheritance of traits across generations.
  • How can you distinguish autosomal dominant from autosomal recessive inheritance in pedigrees?
    Autosomal dominant appears in every generation; autosomal recessive can skip generations.
  • What is the significance of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome?
    The SRY gene determines maleness in humans.
  • What is the difference between sex-limited and sex-influenced inheritance?
    Sex-limited traits express only in one sex; sex-influenced traits are affected by sex hormones but can appear in both sexes.
  • What is the genotype notation for wild type and mutant alleles in haploid genetics?
    Wild type is denoted as a+; mutant allele as a.
  • What is a propositus in a pedigree?
    The family member who first comes to the attention of a geneticist.