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Mitosis and Meiosis in Genetics

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  • What is the glycocalyx and its functions?
    The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich coating on the plasma membrane of animal cells. It aids in cell recognition, adhesion, protection, and communication.
  • What is the nucleolar organizer region (NOR)?
    The NOR is a chromosomal region containing genes coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA), essential for ribosome production and protein synthesis.
  • What role does the cytoskeleton play in cell division?
    The cytoskeleton organizes and moves chromosomes during cell division, forming structures like spindle fibers and centrioles.
  • Define homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and centromere.
    Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs with the same genes. Sister chromatids are identical copies joined at the centromere, the chromosome's constricted region.
  • What are the centromere region designations?
    Centromere regions include the p arm (short arm) and q arm (long arm), which determine chromosome shape.
  • Differentiate metacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric chromosomes.
    Metacentric: centromere in middle; acrocentric: centromere near one end; telocentric: centromere at the end.
  • What is a karyotype?
    A karyotype is an organized profile of an organism's chromosomes, showing homologous pairs arranged by size and shape.
  • What are the main phases of the cell cycle?
    The cell cycle includes G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation for mitosis), and M (mitosis).
  • Describe the key events of mitotic prophase.
    Centrioles divide and move to poles, nuclear envelope breaks down, and chromosomes condense and become visible.
  • What holds sister chromatids together?
    Sister chromatids are held by the protein complex cohesin at the centromere.
  • What happens during prometaphase?
    Chromosomes move to the metaphase plate; spindle fibers form and attach to kinetochores on centromeres.
  • What is the role of the kinetochore?
    The kinetochore is a protein structure on the centromere where spindle fibers attach to move chromosomes.
  • Define cohesin, shugoshin, and separase.
    Cohesin holds sister chromatids together; shugoshin protects cohesin; separase degrades cohesin to allow chromatid separation.
  • What occurs during anaphase?
    Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles via shortening spindle fibers powered by ATP.
  • What are the main events of telophase and cytokinesis?
    Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle fibers disappear, and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
  • Why are cell cycle checkpoints important?
    Checkpoints monitor DNA integrity and spindle attachment to prevent errors and ensure proper cell division.
  • Why are two rounds of meiosis necessary?
    Two meiotic divisions reduce chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes with genetic variation.
  • What is crossing over and its significance?
    Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.
  • Difference between anaphase I and anaphase II in meiosis?
    In anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate; in anaphase II, sister chromatids separate.
  • What are oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
    Oogenesis is the formation of eggs; spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm, both via meiosis.