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GOB Chemistry Chapter 1 Basics

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Termini in questo insieme (26)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that takes up space and has weight.

  • What are the two main categories of matter?

    Pure substances and mixtures.

  • Define a pure substance.

    A pure substance contains only one type of substance and is represented by one chemical symbol or formula.

  • What is the difference between an element and a compound?

    An element is made of one type of atom; a compound is two or more elements chemically joined.

  • What is a homogeneous mixture?

    A homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout and its parts cannot be easily seen.

  • What is a heterogeneous mixture?

    A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform and different parts can usually be seen.

  • What is a group on the periodic table?

    A group is a vertical column; elements in the same group have similar chemical behavior.

  • What is a period on the periodic table?

    A period is a horizontal row, numbered 1 to 7.

  • How do you read a chemical formula like Mg(NO₃)₂?

    Multiply atoms inside parentheses by the subscript outside: Mg = 1, N = 2, O = 6.

  • What is the difference between a physical and chemical change?

    Physical change: form changes but identity stays the same.
    Chemical change: new substance forms, identity changes.

  • What does the arrow mean in a chemical equation?

    The arrow means reacts to form, showing reactants on the left and products on the right.

  • How do you balance chemical equations?

    Adjust coefficients to have equal atoms on both sides; do not change subscripts.

  • Rule for significant figures in addition/subtraction?

    Round the answer to the fewest decimal places in the numbers used.

  • Rule for significant figures in multiplication/division?

    Round the answer to the fewest significant figures in the numbers used.

  • What is scientific notation?

    Expressing numbers as \(C \times 10^{n}\) where 1 ≤ C < 10 and n is an integer.

  • What are the basic metric units for mass, volume, and length?

    Mass = kilogram (kg), Volume = liter (L), Length = meter (m).

  • Formula for density?

    \(d = \frac{m}{V}\) where d = density, m = mass, V = volume.

  • How do you calculate specific gravity?

    Specific gravity = density of sample ÷ density of water; it has no units.

  • Temperature conversion: Celsius to Kelvin?

    \(K = ^\circ C + 273\)

  • Temperature conversion: Fahrenheit to Celsius?

    \(^\circ C = \frac{(^\circ F - 32)}{1.8}\)

  • What is specific heat?

    Heat needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1°C; \(SH = \frac{heat}{mass \times \Delta T}\).

  • What are the three states of matter and their properties?

    Solid: definite shape and volume.
    Liquid: definite volume, shape of container.
    Gas: no definite shape or volume, fills container.

  • Difference between accuracy and precision?

    Accuracy: closeness to true value.
    Precision: closeness of repeated measurements.

  • What is the percent formula?

    \(\% = \frac{part}{whole} \times 100\)

  • What is the energy unit and calorie conversion?

    Energy unit: joule (J).
    1 calorie = 4.184 J, 1 Calorie = 1000 calories.

  • What are the five most important rules to memorize?

    1. Addition/subtraction → decimal places.
    2. Multiplication/division → significant figures.
    3. Density = mass ÷ volume.
    4. Set conversions so unwanted units cancel.
    5. Do not round until the end of multi-step problems.