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GOB Chemistry Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • What is the method to convert between SI units?
    Use appropriate conversion factors based on unit relationships to multiply or divide quantities, ensuring units cancel correctly.
  • How do you determine the number of significant figures in a number?
    Count all certain digits plus one estimated digit, ignoring leading zeros but counting zeros between or after digits if they are significant.
  • How is scientific notation correctly written?
    Express a number as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10, e.g., 3.2 × 10\(^5\).
  • How do you use conversion factors to solve dosage and percentage problems?
    Set up ratios from known equivalences to convert units or calculate percentages by relating parts to whole.
  • How do you calculate density?
    Density = mass ÷ volume; given any two, calculate the third using this formula.
  • What is specific gravity and how is it used?
    Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to the density of water; used to compare densities without units.
  • How is matter classified?
    Matter is classified as elements, compounds, or mixtures based on composition and properties.
  • What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases?
    Solids have fixed shape and volume; liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape; gases have neither fixed shape nor volume.
  • What distinguishes chemical changes from physical changes?
    Chemical changes alter composition and produce new substances; physical changes affect form or state without changing composition.
  • How do you convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin?
    Use formulas: °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9; K = °C + 273.15; °F = °C × 9/5 + 32.
  • Compare kinetic energy and potential energy.
    Kinetic energy is energy of motion; potential energy is stored energy based on position or configuration.
  • What is a heating and cooling curve?
    A graph showing temperature changes of a substance as it absorbs or releases heat during phase changes.
  • Define specific heat and its use in calculations.
    Specific heat is the heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1°C; used to calculate heat transfer with q = m × c × ΔT.
  • What are the phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas?
    Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition are phase changes between states.
  • How to calculate heat absorbed or released during phase changes?
    Use q = m × ΔH, where ΔH is the enthalpy of fusion or vaporization depending on the phase change.
  • What is the structure of the periodic table?
    Elements arranged by increasing atomic number in rows (periods) and columns (groups) showing periodic properties.
  • Describe the structure of an atom.
    An atom has a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels.
  • What is an atomic mass unit (amu)?
    A unit to express atomic and molecular masses, defined as one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
  • Define atomic number, mass number, atomic symbol, and isotope.
    Atomic number = protons; mass number = protons + neutrons; atomic symbol = element abbreviation; isotopes differ in neutron number.
  • Which elements are essential for human health?
    Elements like C, H, O, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe, and others are essential for biological functions.
  • What are electron energy levels and sublevels (n, s, p, d, f)?
    Energy levels (n) contain sublevels: s (1 orbital), p (3 orbitals), d (5 orbitals), f (7 orbitals), where electrons reside.
  • How to write electron configurations for the first 20 elements?
    Fill orbitals in order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, following the Aufbau principle and Pauli exclusion.
  • What are the s, p, d, f blocks in the periodic table?
    Blocks correspond to the highest energy sublevel being filled: s-block (groups 1-2), p-block (13-18), d-block (3-12), f-block (lanthanides/actinides).
  • How to count valence electrons for the first 20 elements?
    Valence electrons equal the group number for main-group elements; count electrons in outermost s and p orbitals.
  • How to predict atomic size, ionization energy, and metallic character?
    Atomic size decreases across a period and increases down a group; ionization energy increases across a period and decreases down a group; metallic character is opposite of ionization energy trends.