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LECTURE ONE - MASTER STUDY FLASHCARDS

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is the physical material of the universe; anything that has mass and occupies space (volume).

  • Define atom, element, molecule, and compound.

    Atom: Smallest particle of matter (element).
    Element: Pure substance with one kind of atom.
    Molecule: Smallest unit of pure substance retaining properties, made of atoms.
    Compound: Pure substance with multiple kinds of atoms.

  • What are the most common elements in the human body?

    Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H) are the most prevalent elements in the human body.

  • What defines the atomic number of an element?

    The atomic number is the number of protons in an element, represented as \(Z\).

  • What are isotopes?

    Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons (atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons.

  • How is the mass number calculated?

    Mass number (\(A\)) = number of protons + number of neutrons.

  • What is a neutral atom?

    A neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, resulting in no net charge.

  • How is the periodic table organized?

    Elements are organized by increasing atomic number and grouped by similar chemical properties in columns called groups or families.

  • What do periods and groups represent in the periodic table?

    Periods are horizontal rows representing electron shells (principal quantum number n).
    Groups are vertical columns representing valence electron subshells.

  • What are valence electrons?

    Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that determine chemical properties and bonding.

  • What is the octet rule?

    The octet rule states atoms are most stable when they have 8 valence electrons in their outer shell.

  • What are the two main types of chemical bonds?

    Ionic bonds form by transfer of electrons between atoms.
    Covalent bonds form by sharing electrons between atoms.

  • What is an ion, cation, and anion?

    Ion: Atom with unequal protons and electrons.
    Cation: Positively charged ion (more protons).
    Anion: Negatively charged ion (more electrons).

  • How do ionic bonds form?

    Ionic bonds form by electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (cations and anions).

  • What is the Lewis symbol?

    The Lewis symbol uses dots to represent the number of valence electrons around an element's symbol.

  • What is ionization energy?

    Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

  • What is electronegativity?

    Electronegativity measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons in a bond.

  • How do atomic size and metallic character vary across the periodic table?

    Atomic size and metallic character increase down groups and decrease across periods from left to right.

  • What are common biological polyatomic ions?

    Common polyatomic ions include ammonium (NH4+), hydronium (H3O+), hydroxide (OH-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-), sulfate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-), and cyanide (CN-).

  • How is molecular weight calculated?

    Molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule.