Domanda del libro di testo
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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b. Oxidation of NADH coupled with synthesis of ATP
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Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 21, Problema 22
For the first step in fatty acid catabolism, we say that ATP is used to “drive” the reaction that links the fatty acid with coenzyme-A. Without ATP hydrolysis, would you predict that the linking of fatty acid to coenzyme-A would be exergonic or endergonic? In fatty acid CoA synthesis, the hydrolysis of the ATP portion is based on what major strategy of metabolism?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Understand the context: Fatty acid catabolism begins with the activation of the fatty acid by linking it to coenzyme-A (CoA). This reaction requires energy input, which is provided by ATP hydrolysis. The question asks whether this reaction would be exergonic (releases energy) or endergonic (requires energy) without ATP hydrolysis.
Step 1: Recall the definition of endergonic and exergonic reactions. Endergonic reactions require an input of energy to proceed, while exergonic reactions release energy and occur spontaneously. Linking a fatty acid to CoA involves forming a high-energy thioester bond, which is not energetically favorable on its own.
Step 2: Analyze the role of ATP hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis provides the necessary energy to drive the reaction forward. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is highly exergonic, and this energy is coupled to the otherwise endergonic reaction of fatty acid-CoA formation.
Step 3: Predict the reaction's nature without ATP hydrolysis. Without the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis, the reaction linking fatty acid to CoA would be endergonic because forming the high-energy thioester bond requires an input of energy.
Step 4: Relate this to a major strategy of metabolism. The hydrolysis of ATP in this process is an example of energy coupling, a fundamental strategy in metabolism. Energy coupling uses the energy released from an exergonic reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) to drive an endergonic reaction (like fatty acid-CoA synthesis).
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Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions
Exergonic reactions release energy and occur spontaneously, while endergonic reactions require an input of energy to proceed. In the context of fatty acid catabolism, the linking of fatty acids to coenzyme-A is typically endergonic, meaning it needs energy, which is provided by ATP hydrolysis.
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Percorso guidato
3:33
Enantiomers vs Diastereomers Concept 1
ATP Hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis is the process of breaking down adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy. This energy is crucial for driving endergonic reactions, such as the activation of fatty acids, making it a key player in metabolic pathways.
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2:20Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Concept 2
Metabolic Strategies
In metabolism, one major strategy is the coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions. By using the energy released from ATP hydrolysis, cells can drive unfavorable reactions forward, such as the synthesis of fatty acyl-CoA, thereby facilitating essential biochemical processes.
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0:52Metabolic Pathways Concept 2
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The reaction that follows is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and occurs in two steps, the first of which (step A) is formation of an unstable intermediates (shown in brackets).
a. In which step is a coenzyme needed? Identify the coenzyme.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Since no molecular oxygen participates in the citric acid cycle, the steps in which acetyl groups are oxidized to CO2 involve removal of hydride ions and hydrogen ions. What is the acceptor of hydride ions? What is the acceptor of hydrogen ions?
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Domanda del libro di testo
The reaction that follows is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and occurs in two steps, the first of which (step A) is formation of an unstable intermediates (shown in brackets).
b. In which step is CO2 evolved and a hydrogen ion added?
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Domanda del libro di testo
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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c. Conversion of glucose to acetyl-CoA
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Domanda del libro di testo
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the four stages of metabolism shown in Figure 21.4. Identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
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a. Hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose
1104
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