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Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy
McMurry - Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 8th Edition
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoMcMurry 8th EditionCh.21 The Generation of Biochemical EnergyProblema 10a
Capitolo 21, Problema 10a

Look ahead to Figure 21.8 for the citric acid cycle.
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a. Draw the structures of the reactants in steps 3, 6, and 8, and indicate which hydrogen atoms are removed in these reactions.

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Step 1: Review Figure 21.8 of the citric acid cycle to identify the reactants involved in steps 3, 6, and 8. These steps correspond to specific enzymatic reactions in the cycle.
Step 2: For step 3, identify the reactant (isocitrate) and the enzyme (isocitrate dehydrogenase). Draw the structure of isocitrate and indicate the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation and decarboxylation process, which converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate.
Step 3: For step 6, identify the reactant (succinate) and the enzyme (succinate dehydrogenase). Draw the structure of succinate and indicate the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation process, which converts succinate to fumarate. This step involves the reduction of FAD to FADH₂.
Step 4: For step 8, identify the reactant (malate) and the enzyme (malate dehydrogenase). Draw the structure of malate and indicate the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation process, which converts malate to oxaloacetate. This step involves the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH.
Step 5: Ensure that the structures of the reactants are drawn accurately, and clearly mark the hydrogen atoms that are removed in each reaction. Use arrows or labels to indicate the specific bonds broken or formed during the reactions.

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Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. It takes place in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Understanding this cycle is crucial for identifying the reactants and products involved in each step, particularly in steps 3, 6, and 8.
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Citric Acid Cycle Summary Concept 12

Reactants and Products

In biochemical reactions, reactants are the starting materials that undergo transformation, while products are the substances formed as a result of the reaction. In the context of the citric acid cycle, recognizing the specific reactants at each step is essential for drawing their structures and understanding the flow of the cycle. Steps 3, 6, and 8 involve specific reactants that contribute to the cycle's overall function.
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Hydrogen Atom Removal

The removal of hydrogen atoms in biochemical reactions often signifies oxidation, where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another. In the citric acid cycle, certain steps involve dehydrogenation, where hydrogen atoms are removed from substrates, leading to the formation of NADH or FADH2. Identifying which hydrogen atoms are removed in steps 3, 6, and 8 is key to understanding the energy yield and electron transport in cellular respiration.
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The hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate to give acetate and hydrogen phosphate ion has ∆G = -10.3 kcal/mol (-43.1 kJ/mol). Combine the equations and ∆G values to determine whether coupling of this reaction with phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP is favorable. (You need give only compound names or abbreviations in the equations.)

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Why, do you suppose, the coenzyme for the reaction in the citric acid cycle that is catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase is FAD and not NAD+?

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Look ahead to Figure 21.8 for the citric acid cycle.

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b. What class of enzymes carry out these reactions?

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Identify the participants in the citric acid cycle that contain alcohol groups. Identify these groups as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols.

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