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Introduction to Chemistry Essentials

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • What is the scientific method?

    The scientific method is a process involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and theory confirmation or revision.

  • Define an atom.

    An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of that element.

  • What is a molecule?

    A molecule consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded together, with varying strengths, lengths, and shapes.

  • What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?

    A compound is made of two or more different elements chemically bonded in fixed proportions and can be separated chemically.

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

  • Differentiate between intensive and extensive properties.

    Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter; extensive properties depend on the amount.

  • What are physical and chemical properties?

    Physical properties can be measured without changing the substance; chemical properties describe how a substance reacts.

  • Compare carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide molecules.

    CO2 has one carbon and two oxygen atoms; CO has one carbon and one oxygen atom, with different properties like binding to hemoglobin.

  • What are the three states of matter?

    The three states are solid, liquid, and gas, differing in shape, volume, compressibility, and flow.

  • Describe the shape and volume characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases.

    Solids have fixed shape and volume; liquids have indefinite shape but fixed volume; gases have indefinite shape and volume.

  • What is heat (q) in chemistry?

    Heat (q) is the transfer of energy due to temperature differences.

  • Define work (w) in terms of force and distance.

    Work (w) is the exertion of a force through a distance: \(w=F \times d\).

  • State the law of conservation of energy.

    Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another; total energy in equals total energy out.

  • What is the formula for total energy (E)?

    Total energy E is the sum of heat and work: \(E = q + w\).

  • Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy.

    Potential energy is stored energy; kinetic energy is energy of motion, calculated as \(KE = \frac{1}{2} m u^2\).

  • What is the difference between molecular and structural formulas?

    Molecular formulas show the number of atoms; structural formulas show how atoms are bonded.

  • What is the SI system?

    The SI system is the International System of Units, a standardized metric system for measurements.

  • How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?

    Kelvin temperature is Celsius plus 273: \(K = ^\circ C + 273\).

  • Define density and its formula.

    Density is mass per unit volume: \(\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}\).

  • What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

    Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value; precision is how reproducible measurements are.

  • What are significant figures?

    Significant figures are the digits recorded in a measurement, reflecting its precision and uncertainty.

  • How do you round numbers when the first digit removed is less than 5?

    If the first digit removed is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following digits.

  • What is dimensional analysis?

    Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors to convert quantities between units by canceling units.

  • How do you convert miles per hour to meters per second?

    Multiply miles by 1.6093 km/mi, then by 1000 m/km, and divide by 3600 s/hr to get m/s.