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Introduction to Chemistry - Key Concepts

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  • What is chemistry?

    Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.

  • Define science and technology.

    Science is the process of seeking understanding of nature's principles. Technology is the application of knowledge to solve problems.

  • What is green chemistry?

    Green chemistry uses materials and processes to prevent or reduce pollution at its source.

  • What is sustainable chemistry?

    Sustainable chemistry meets present needs without compromising future generations.

  • List the five characteristics of science.

    Science is testable, reproducible, explanatory, predictive, and tentative.

  • Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

    Inductive: specific to general. Deductive: general to specific.

  • What is a scientific hypothesis?

    A hypothesis is a testable explanation of observed data.

  • Define scientific law.

    A scientific law summarizes data and describes natural phenomena, often mathematically.

  • What is a scientific theory?

    A scientific theory is a set of tested hypotheses explaining natural phenomena; it is tentative and may change.

  • What are scientific models?

    Scientific models are tangible or visual representations of invisible processes.

  • Explain the risk-benefit analysis in science.

    Risk-benefit analysis estimates a desirability quotient (DQ) as Benefits divided by Risks.

  • Difference between basic and applied research.

    Basic research seeks knowledge for its own sake; applied research solves specific problems.

  • Define mass and weight.

    Mass is the amount of matter in an object; weight is the gravitational force on that matter.

  • What are physical properties?

    Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance, e.g., color, mass, weight.

  • What are chemical properties?

    Chemical properties can only be observed by forming new substances.

  • Difference between physical and chemical changes.

    Physical changes do not alter chemical identity; chemical changes do.

  • Classify matter by state.

    Solids have definite shape and volume; liquids definite volume but no shape; gases have neither.

  • What are elements?

    Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, represented by chemical symbols.

  • What are compounds?

    Compounds are substances made of two or more elements chemically combined.

  • Define mixtures and their types.

    Mixtures are physical blends; homogeneous are uniform, heterogeneous are not.

  • What are the SI base units for mass, length, volume, and time?

    Mass: kilogram (kg), Length: meter (m), Volume: cubic meter (\(m^3\)), Time: second (s).

  • How is density defined and calculated?

    Density is mass per unit volume, calculated as \(d=\frac{m}{V}\).

  • Difference between heat and temperature.

    Heat is energy transfer from hot to cold; temperature is average kinetic energy of particles.

  • How to convert Celsius to Kelvin?

    Use the formula \(K=^{\circ}C+273.15\).

  • What is the FLaReS test for evaluating claims?

    FLaReS stands for Falsifiability, Logic, Replicability, and Sufficiency of evidence.