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Introduction to Chemistry - Key Concepts and Math Review

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What is the scientific method?

    The scientific method is a process of understanding natural phenomena through observations and critical thinking, involving making observations, forming hypotheses, designing experiments, and drawing conclusions.

  • What are the main steps of the scientific method?

    Make observations, form a hypothesis, design experiments, and draw a conclusion. The hypothesis is modified if experimental results do not support it.

  • Define an observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion.

    Observation: Noting facts.
    Hypothesis: A testable explanation.
    Experiment: Testing the hypothesis.
    Conclusion: Result interpretation.

  • What is an integer?

    An integer is a whole number that is not a fraction or decimal; it can be positive, negative, or zero (e.g., -2, 0, 3).

  • What is a factor and a common factor?

    A factor divides a number evenly without remainder. A common factor divides every number in a group evenly.

  • What is the greatest common factor (GCF)?

    The GCF is the largest factor common to two or more numbers (e.g., GCF of 20 and 30 is 10).

  • What is a multiple and least common multiple (LCM)?

    A multiple is the product of a number and an integer. The LCM is the smallest number divisible by two or more numbers (e.g., LCM of 8 and 12 is 24).

  • Define prime and composite numbers.

    Prime numbers have exactly two factors: 1 and itself. Composite numbers have more than two factors.

  • What are the basic mathematical operations used in chemistry?

    Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (×), division (÷), exponentiation (^), and logarithm (log).

  • What is the PEMDAS rule?

    Order of operations: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction.

  • Define numerator and denominator in a fraction.

    Numerator: Top number, parts of interest.
    Denominator: Bottom number, total parts.

  • What is the difference between proper and improper fractions?

    Proper fraction: Numerator less than denominator.
    Improper fraction: Numerator equal or greater than denominator.

  • How do you convert an improper fraction to a mixed number?

    Divide numerator by denominator; quotient is whole number, remainder is new numerator.

  • How do you convert a mixed number to an improper fraction?

    Multiply whole number by denominator, add numerator; sum is new numerator over original denominator.

  • How do you add or subtract fractions?

    Make denominators equal (find LCM), then add or subtract numerators; denominator stays the same.

  • How do you multiply fractions?

    Multiply numerators together and denominators together; simplify if possible.

  • How do you divide fractions?

    Flip the divisor (right fraction) and multiply by the dividend (left fraction).

  • What are the commutative properties of addition and multiplication?

    Addition: a + b = b + a
    Multiplication: a × b = b × a

  • What is the distributive property?

    a(b + c) = ab + ac; similarly for subtraction: a(b - c) = ab - ac.

  • What is scientific notation?

    A way to express very large or small numbers as a coefficient between 1 and 9 multiplied by 10 raised to a power (e.g., 1.2 × 105).

  • How do positive and negative exponents affect decimal movement in scientific notation?

    Positive exponents move the decimal to the right (large numbers), negative exponents move it to the left (small numbers).