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Properties of Solutions - Introduction to Chemistry

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What are the four types of intermolecular forces (IMF)?

    Dispersion forces, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen bonding, and Ion-Dipole.

  • What does the phrase 'like dissolves like' mean?

    Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents due to similar intermolecular forces.

  • Define solubility.

    The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.

  • What is the entropy change (ΔS) of solution formation for ionic compounds with +1 and -1 charges?

    Positive entropy change (ΔSsoln > 0), indicating increased randomness when dissolving.

  • What three energy changes contribute to the heat of solution (ΔHsoln)?

    Breaking solute-solute attractions (ΔHsolute), breaking solvent-solvent attractions (ΔHsolvent), and forming solute-solvent attractions (ΔHmix).

  • Write the formula relating heat of solution to its components.

    ΔHsoln = ΔHsolute + ΔHsolvent + ΔHmix

  • What is solvation and hydration?

    Solvation is the process of solvent molecules surrounding solute particles; hydration is solvation when water is the solvent.

  • How does lattice energy affect solubility of ionic compounds?

    Higher lattice energy means stronger ionic bonds, leading to lower solubility in water.

  • How does temperature affect the solubility of solids and gases?

    Solubility of solids usually increases with temperature; solubility of gases decreases as temperature increases.

  • What is Henry's Law formula for gas solubility?

    Sgas = kH × Pgas, where Sgas is solubility, kH is Henry's constant, and Pgas is partial pressure of the gas.

  • Define molarity and molality.

    Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution; Molality (m) = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent.

  • Which concentration unit changes with temperature, molarity or molality?

    Molarity changes with temperature because volume changes; molality does not.

  • What is vapor pressure?

    Pressure exerted by a gas in equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature.

  • How do temperature and intermolecular forces affect vapor pressure?

    Higher temperature increases vapor pressure; stronger intermolecular forces decrease vapor pressure.

  • State Raoult's Law for vapor pressure lowering.

    Psolution = Psolvent × Xsolvent, where Xsolvent is mole fraction of solvent.

  • What are colligative properties?

    Properties that depend on the number of solute particles, not their identity: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure.

  • What is the van't Hoff factor (i)?

    The ratio of moles of particles in solution to moles of solute dissolved; i = 1 for nonelectrolytes, >1 for electrolytes.

  • Write the formulas for boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

    ΔTb = Kb × m × i and ΔTf = Kf × m × i, where m is molality and i is van't Hoff factor.

  • What is osmosis?

    The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

  • Write the formula for osmotic pressure (Π).

    Π = i × M × R × T, where M is molarity, R is gas constant, T is temperature in Kelvin.