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Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Microbial Organisms in Microbiology

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Termini in questo insieme (36)

  • Flagella in eukaryotic cells
    Structurally complex, covered by an extension of the cell membrane, and used for motility, differing from bacterial flagella.
  • Cilia function and structure
    Smaller and more numerous than flagella, used for motility, such as moving particles in the respiratory tract.
  • Glycocalyx composition and role
    An outermost layer of polysaccharides that protects the cell, aids in adherence, and cell recognition.
  • Fungal cell wall characteristics
    Rigid, provides structural support and shape, chemically different from bacterial and archaeal walls, composed mainly of chitin.
  • Eukaryotic cell membrane function
    Acts as a selectively permeable barrier similar to bacteria and archaea, controlling substance passage.
  • Nucleus features
    Most prominent organelle, enclosed by nuclear envelope, contains nucleolus for rRNA synthesis and chromatin with DNA and histones.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum types and functions

    Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid synthesis and storage, and nutrient processing.

  • Golgi apparatus role
    Modifies, packages, and ships proteins; consists of flattened sacs called cisternae; works closely with the ER.
  • Lysosomes function
    Vesicles from Golgi containing enzymes for intracellular digestion and removal of cell debris.
  • Vacuoles in eukaryotic cells
    Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, or excretion; often found in phagocytic cells.
  • Mitochondria characteristics

    Generates energy for the cell through aerobic respiration, with outer and folded inner membranes (cristae), produce ATP, contain DNA and ribosomes, and divide independently.

  • Chloroplast functions
    Found in plants and algae, convert sunlight to chemical energy via photosynthesis, produce glucose and oxygen.
  • Ribosome locations in eukaryotes
    Found free in cytoplasm, attached to rough ER, and inside mitochondria and chloroplasts; synthesize proteins.
  • Cytoskeleton roles
    Maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, moves RNA and vesicles, and allows cell movement.
  • Types of cytoskeletal elements
    Actin filaments (thin strands), intermediate filaments (ropelike), and microtubules (hollow tubes).
  • Yeast characteristics
    Round to oval fungi, reproduce asexually by budding.
  • Hyphae in fungi
    Long, threadlike cells forming the body of filamentous fungi.
  • Dimorphic fungi
    Fungi that can switch between yeast and hyphal forms depending on environmental conditions.
  • Fungal nutrition types
    Heterotrophic, saprobic (feed on dead matter), or parasitic (feed on living hosts).
  • Protozoa characteristics

    Single-celled eukaryotes, mostly free-living, some pathogenic, can survive in extreme temperatures and pH's, move by pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

  • Protozoan life stages
    Trophozoite (active feeding stage) and cyst (dormant survival stage).
  • Toxoplasma gondii facts
    Protozoan with cats as natural hosts; infects many humans, can cause miscarriage if pregnant women are infected.
  • Helminth types

    Flatworms (cestodes/tapeworms and trematodes/flukes) and roundworms (nematodes).

  • Helminth life cycle hosts
    Intermediate host where larva develops, definitive host where adults reproduce, and sometimes transport hosts.
  • Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) life cycle
    Eggs swallowed, hatch in intestine, adults mate, females lay eggs near anus causing itching and spread.

  • What is pseudohypha?

    Chain of yeast cells that form from budding that never breaks off

  • What is myceliem?

    the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae fungi that makes up the body or colony of a mold

  • What are spores?

    The product of reproductive, fertile hyphae

  • Sporangiospores

    formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk (the sporangiophore)

  • Conidiospores/conidia

    free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

  • ciliate vs amoeba protozoan

    cell shape remains constant in most ciliates but changes constantly in amoebas

  • Nematodes (roundworms)

    elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, smooth bodies; sexes are separate and different in appearance

  • Trematodes (flukes)

    thin, often segmented body; sexes can be separate or hermaphroditic

  • Cestodes (tapeworms)

    very thin, often segmented body; generally hermaphroditic

  • How many species of helminths cause disease in humans?

    About 50

  • How many helminth infections in North America each year?

    about 50 million