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Lecture Study Guide for Exam I: Chapter 2

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  • What is an atom and its subatomic particles?

    An atom is the smallest unit of matter, composed of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge).

  • What is the atomic mass number?

    The atomic mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

  • What gives atoms the ability to react with other molecules?

    The electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons) determine an atom's ability to react with other molecules.

  • Difference between organic and inorganic molecules

    Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms; inorganic molecules generally lack carbon-hydrogen bonds.

  • What is the compound for table salt?

    Table salt is sodium chloride, with the chemical formula NaCl.

  • What does hydrophilic mean?

    Hydrophilic means "water-loving"; molecules that interact well with water and dissolve easily.

  • Difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding

    Covalent bonds share electrons; ionic bonds transfer electrons creating charged ions; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

  • Difference between polar and non-polar bonds

    Polar bonds have unequal electron sharing causing partial charges; non-polar bonds share electrons equally with no charge separation.

  • What is a peptide bond?

    A peptide bond is a covalent bond linking amino acids in proteins, formed between the amino group and carboxyl group.

  • What is an ester linkage?

    An ester linkage is a bond formed between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group, common in lipids.

  • Key characteristics of hydrogen bonding

    Hydrogen bonds are weak, directional attractions between a hydrogen atom and electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen.

  • Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

    DNA bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine. RNA bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine.

  • What are amino acids the building blocks for?

    Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

  • What is a nucleotide and its components?

    A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

  • Importance of hydrogen bonds in water chemistry

    Hydrogen bonds give water its unique properties: cohesion, surface tension, high specific heat, heat of vaporization, and expansion when frozen.

  • How does water's cohesion support life?

    Cohesion allows water molecules to stick together, enabling transport in plants and maintaining surface tension.

  • What is surface tension in water?

    Surface tension is the elastic-like force on water's surface caused by hydrogen bonding between molecules.

  • Why is water's high specific heat important?

    Water's high specific heat helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and environments by absorbing heat without large temperature changes.

  • What is heat of vaporization in water?

    Heat of vaporization is the energy required to convert water from liquid to gas, important for cooling mechanisms like sweating.

  • Why does water expand when frozen?

    Water expands when frozen because hydrogen bonds form a crystalline structure that occupies more space than liquid water.