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Microbiology: Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Classification

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  • Organic molecule in eukaryotes similar in shape to bacterial molecules
    The 70S ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes are similar in shape to bacterial ribosomes.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: organisms
    Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular; prokaryotes are mostly unicellular.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: cell division
    Eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: nucleus
    Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus; prokaryotes lack a nucleus.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: ribosomes
    Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes in the cytoplasm and 70S ribosomes in mitochondria; prokaryotes have only 70S ribosomes.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: chromosomes
    Eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes; prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: membrane-bound organelles
    Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not.
  • Why penicillin does not kill eukaryotic cells
    Penicillin targets peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, which eukaryotic cells lack.
  • Difference between mitosis and meiosis
    Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells.
  • Eukaryotic organelles dividing by binary fission
    Both mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by a process similar to binary fission.
  • Difference between endocytosis and exocytosis
    Endocytosis brings substances into the cell; exocytosis releases substances from the cell.
  • Are endocytosis and exocytosis active or passive?
    Both are active processes requiring energy to move substances across membranes.
  • Difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis
    Pinocytosis engulfs liquids; phagocytosis engulfs large particles or cells.
  • What is a phagocyte and its function?
    A phagocyte is a cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells.
  • Four eukaryotic kingdoms
    The four kingdoms are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • Two phyla of parasitic helminths
    The two phyla are Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms).
  • Unicellular fungi are called
    Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
  • What does it mean that fungi are saprobes?
    Fungi are saprobes because they obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter.
  • What are dimorphic fungi?
    Dimorphic fungi can exist as yeast or mold depending on environmental conditions.
  • Definition of mycoses
    Mycoses are fungal infections of animals or humans.
  • Genus mainly causing vaginal yeast infections
    Candida is the genus mainly responsible for vaginal yeast infections.
  • What is a dermatophyte?
    A dermatophyte is a fungus that infects skin, hair, and nails; common infections are called tinea.
  • Common names for tinea infections
    Two common names are ringworm and athlete's foot.
  • Location of cell walls in eukaryotes
    Cell walls, when present, are located outside the plasma membrane; animal cells do not have cell walls.
  • Difference in motion between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella
    Eukaryotic flagella move with a whip-like motion; prokaryotic flagella rotate like a propeller.
  • Do prokaryotes have cilia?
    No, prokaryotes do not possess cilia.
  • Locations of eukaryotic ribosomes
    Eukaryotic ribosomes are found free in the cytoplasm and bound to the rough ER.
  • Do eukaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes?
    Yes, in mitochondria and chloroplasts, eukaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes.
  • Two main functions of the cytoskeleton
    The cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
  • Main macromolecule housed in the nucleus
    The nucleus contains DNA, the cell's genetic material.
  • Function of the nucleolus
    The nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.
  • Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
    RER synthesizes proteins; it is rough due to attached ribosomes.
  • Main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
    SER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
  • Function of the Golgi apparatus
    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or use in the cell.
  • Functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes
    Lysosomes digest cellular waste; peroxisomes break down toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide.
  • Main function of mitochondria
    Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration.
  • Relationship between mitochondria number and cell activity
    Cells with higher activity levels have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.
  • Function of chloroplasts
    Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.