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Microbiology: Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Functions

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Termini in questo insieme (15)

  • What is the composition of the cell wall in plants, fungi, and yeasts?
    The cell wall is made of carbohydrates: cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and glucan and mannan in yeasts.
  • What is the glycocalyx and its functions?
    The glycocalyx consists of carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane; it strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells to each other, and is involved in cell–cell recognition.
  • What is the basic structure of the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane in eukaryotes?
    It is a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins, similar to prokaryotic membranes but also contains sterols and carbohydrates.
  • What are the three types of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells?
    Phagocytosis (engulfing particles with pseudopods), pinocytosis (membrane folds inward to bring in fluid), and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • Define cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton.
    Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus; cytosol is the fluid portion of cytoplasm; cytoskeleton is made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules providing shape and support.
  • What are the differences between 80S and 70S ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
    80S ribosomes (60S + 40S subunits) are found in the cytoplasm and on rough ER; 70S ribosomes are found in chloroplasts and mitochondria.
  • What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
    The nucleus is a double membrane structure enclosing DNA complexed with histones as chromatin; chromatin condenses into chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
  • What are the roles of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones.
  • What is the function of the Golgi complex?
    The Golgi complex modifies proteins from the ER and transports them via secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane.
  • What are lysosomes and their function?
    Lysosomes are vesicles formed in the Golgi complex containing digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste.
  • What are vacuoles and their roles in eukaryotic cells?
    Vacuoles are cavities formed from the Golgi complex or endocytosis; they bring food into cells, provide shape, and store substances.
  • Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
    Mitochondria have a double membrane with inner folds called cristae and a matrix; they produce ATP via cellular respiration and contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.
  • What are chloroplasts and their key features?
    Chloroplasts contain thylakoids with chlorophyll for photosynthesis and have 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.
  • What is the function of peroxisomes?
    Peroxisomes oxidize fatty acids and destroy hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
  • What are centrosomes and their components?
    Centrosomes consist of the pericentriolar matrix (protein fibers) and centrioles (microtubule cylinders); they organize the mitotic spindle and play a critical role in cell division.