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Microbiology Exam 1 Study Guide

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  • Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek and his contribution?
    Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe microorganisms using a microscope.
  • What ended the Golden Age of Microbiology?
    The Golden Age ended as many fundamental discoveries were made, and the focus shifted to molecular biology and genetics.
  • What is spontaneous generation?
    The disproven theory that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter.
  • What is Koch's postulates?
    A set of criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
  • What was the first disease proven to be bacterial in origin?
    Anthrax was the first disease proven to be caused by bacteria.
  • What are the three domains in the classification system?
    Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Define binary fission.
    A form of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
  • What is agar?
    A gelatinous substance used as a solid growth medium for microorganisms.
  • What is a vaccine?
    A preparation that stimulates immunity against a specific disease.
  • What subatomic particles make up an atom?
    Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • What is atomic mass number?
    The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
  • What gives atoms the ability to react with other molecules?
    The electrons, especially those in the outermost shell (valence electrons).
  • Difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
    Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds; inorganic molecules generally do not.
  • What is the compound formula for table salt?
    NaCl (sodium chloride).
  • What does hydrophilic mean?
    Having an affinity for water; water-attracting.
  • Difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds?
    Covalent bonds share electrons, ionic bonds transfer electrons, hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
  • Difference between polar and non-polar bonds?
    Polar bonds have unequal electron sharing; non-polar bonds share electrons equally.
  • What is a peptide bond?
    A covalent bond linking amino acids in a protein.
  • What is an ester linkage?
    A bond formed between a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group, common in lipids.
  • Key characteristics of hydrogen bonding?
    Hydrogen bonds are weak, directional, and important for water's properties and biomolecule structure.
  • Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA?
    DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine; RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine.
  • What are amino acids the building blocks for?
    Proteins.
  • What is a nucleotide and its components?
    A nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
  • Importance of hydrogen bonds in water chemistry?
    They give water high cohesion, surface tension, specific heat, and allow it to expand when frozen.
  • Difference in cell walls of gram+ and gram- bacteria?
    Gram+ have thick peptidoglycan layers; gram- have thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane.
  • What does an acid-fast+ cell wall have?
    Mycolic acid, a waxy lipid that resists staining.
  • What is lipid A?
    A toxic component of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane (endotoxin).
  • Functions of flagella, fimbriae, and pili?
    Flagella: motility; fimbriae: attachment; pili: DNA transfer.
  • Difference between selective permeability and facilitated diffusion?
    Selective permeability controls what enters/exits; facilitated diffusion uses proteins to help molecules cross membranes.
  • What is phototaxis?
    Movement of an organism toward (+) or away (-) from light.
  • What are carrier molecules in the electron transport chain?
    Proteins and cofactors that transfer electrons to generate ATP.
  • Define redox reactions.
    Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons; oxidation is loss, reduction is gain.
  • What is carbon fixation?
    Conversion of inorganic CO2 into organic molecules during photosynthesis.
  • Molecule regenerated in Calvin-Benson cycle?
    Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
  • Energy source in light-dependent reactions?
    Light energy captured by chlorophyll.
  • Where does aerobic respiration occur?
    In the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
  • What is ATP and ATP synthase?
    ATP is the energy currency; ATP synthase is the enzyme that produces ATP.
  • How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule?
    Approximately 36-38 ATP molecules.
  • Difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?
    Substrate-level directly transfers phosphate; oxidative uses a proton gradient.
  • Difference between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation?
    Aerobic uses oxygen; anaerobic uses other electron acceptors; fermentation does not use an electron transport chain.
  • What is activation energy and enzyme effect?
    Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower this energy.
  • Effect of temperature and pH on enzymes?
    Extreme temperature or pH can denature enzymes and reduce activity.
  • Types of enzyme inhibition?
    Competitive (binds active site), non-competitive (binds elsewhere), allosteric (changes enzyme shape).