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Microbiology Exam I Study Guide - Chapter 3

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  • Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls

    Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer purple; Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides. pink.

  • What does an acid-fast positive cell wall contain?

    An acid-fast positive cell wall contains mycolic acid, a waxy lipid that makes it resistant to decolorization by acid-alcohol.

  • What is lipid A?

    Lipid A is the toxic component of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

  • Function and presence of flagella

    Flagella provide motility to bacterial cells and are found in many prokaryotes.

  • Function and presence of fimbriae

    Fimbriae are short, hair-like structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces; found mainly in prokaryotes.

  • Function and presence of axial filaments

    Axial filaments are specialized flagella wrapped around spirochetes, enabling corkscrew motility.

  • Function and presence of pili

    Pili are longer than fimbriae and involved in DNA transfer (conjugation) between bacterial cells.

  • Function and presence of plasma membranes

    Plasma membranes control selective permeability and are found in all cells.

  • What is the nucleoid region?

    The nucleoid region is the area in prokaryotic cells where the DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

  • What are metachromatic granules?

    Metachromatic granules are phosphate storage inclusions found in some bacteria.

  • Function and presence of mitochondria

    Mitochondria are organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for ATP production via cellular respiration.

  • What are hami?

    Hami are grappling hook-like structures used by some archaea for attachment.

  • Function of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals in eukaryotic cells.

  • Function and presence of ribosomes

    Ribosomes synthesize proteins and are found in all cells.

  • Function of contractile vacuole

    Contractile vacuoles expel excess water from some protists to maintain osmotic balance.

  • Function of lysosomes

    Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris in eukaryotic cells.

  • Terms for flagellar arrangements

    Flagellar arrangements include monotrichous (single flagellum), lophotrichous (tuft at one end), amphitrichous (flagella at both ends), and peritrichous (flagella all over).

  • Difference between selective permeability and facilitated diffusion

    Selective permeability allows only certain molecules to pass; facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient.

  • What is phototaxis?

    Phototaxis is movement of an organism toward (positive) or away from (negative) light stimuli.

  • What is chemotaxis?

    Chemotaxis is movement of an organism toward (positive) or away from (negative) chemical stimuli.