Skip to main content
Indietro

Microbiology Exam I Study Guide - Chapter 5

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/27

Termini in questo insieme (27)

  • What are the carrier molecules found in the electron transport chain?
    Carrier molecules include **NADH**, **FADH2**, and various **cytochromes** that transfer electrons through the chain.
  • What is a redox reaction?
    A **redox reaction** involves the transfer of electrons where one molecule is **oxidized** (loses electrons) and another is **reduced** (gains electrons).
  • What are reducing and oxidizing agents?
    **Reducing agents** donate electrons and become oxidized; **oxidizing agents** accept electrons and become reduced.
  • What is carbon fixation?
    Carbon fixation is the process of converting inorganic **CO2** into organic molecules during photosynthesis.
  • What molecule is regenerated in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
    **Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)** is regenerated to continue the Calvin-Benson cycle.
  • What energy source is provided in the light-dependent reactions?
    Light-dependent reactions provide **ATP** and **NADPH** as energy sources for the Calvin cycle.
  • Where does aerobic respiration occur?
    Aerobic respiration occurs in the **mitochondrial membrane** of eukaryotes and the **plasma membrane** of prokaryotes.
  • What is ATP?
    **Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)** is the primary energy currency of the cell.
  • What is ATP synthase?
    **ATP synthase** is an enzyme that synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient during chemiosmosis.
  • How much ATP can be produced from one glucose molecule?
    Up to approximately **38 ATP** molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration.
  • How does ATP release its energy?
    ATP releases energy by **hydrolyzing** the terminal phosphate bond, forming ADP and inorganic phosphate.
  • What happens to pyruvic acid in respiration?
    Pyruvic acid is converted to **acetyl-CoA** before entering the Krebs cycle or undergoes fermentation if oxygen is absent.
  • Define substrate-level phosphorylation.
    Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate.
  • Define chemiosmotic (oxidative) phosphorylation.
    Chemiosmotic phosphorylation uses a proton gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
  • Define photophosphorylation.
    Photophosphorylation is ATP production using light energy to create a proton gradient in photosynthetic organisms.
  • Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
    Aerobic respiration uses **oxygen** as the final electron acceptor; anaerobic respiration uses other molecules like nitrate or sulfate.
  • What are the end products of fermentation?
    End products include **lactic acid**, **ethanol**, **CO2**, and other organic acids depending on the pathway.
  • What are the three main steps in respiration?
    The three steps are **glycolysis**, the **Krebs cycle**, and the **electron transport chain**.
  • What molecule is recycled in the Krebs cycle?
    **Oxaloacetate** is regenerated to combine with acetyl-CoA and continue the Krebs cycle.
  • What process does fermentation participate in?
    Fermentation regenerates **NAD+** to allow glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions.
  • What is activation energy and how do enzymes affect it?
    Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes **lower activation energy** to speed up reactions.
  • How do temperature and pH affect enzymes?
    Extreme temperature or pH can **denature enzymes**, reducing their activity or inactivating them.
  • Difference between competitive, non-competitive, and allosteric inhibition?
    Competitive inhibitors bind the active site; non-competitive bind elsewhere; allosteric inhibitors bind a regulatory site changing enzyme shape.
  • What is phosphofructokinase?
    Phosphofructokinase is a key **regulatory enzyme** in glycolysis controlling the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate.
  • What is a serovar?
    A serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus classified by surface antigens.
  • What are carboxysomes?
    Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that concentrate CO2 for efficient carbon fixation.
  • What are disadvantages of the pentose phosphate pathway?
    Disadvantages include lower ATP yield and diversion of glucose-6-phosphate from glycolysis.