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Microbiology: Plasma Membrane and Transport Processes

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Termini in questo insieme (17)

  • What is the basic structure of the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane?
    It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, including peripheral, integral, and transmembrane proteins.
  • What types of carbohydrates can be attached to the plasma membrane?
    Carbohydrates can be attached as glycoproteins or glycolipids.
  • What model describes the plasma membrane structure?
    The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a dynamic and fluid structure with proteins embedded in or attached to the phospholipid bilayer.
  • What is selective permeability in the plasma membrane?
    Selective permeability means the membrane allows certain molecules to pass while blocking others.
  • What role do enzymes in the plasma membrane play?
    Some plasma membranes contain enzymes that are involved in ATP production.
  • What are chromatophores in some plasma membranes?
    Chromatophores are membrane infoldings that contain pigments and are involved in photosynthesis.
  • Which antimicrobial agents damage the plasma membrane?
    Disinfectants like alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds (detergents), and antibiotics like polymyxin damage the plasma membrane.
  • What happens when the plasma membrane is damaged by antimicrobial agents?
    Damage causes leakage of cell contents, leading to cell death.
  • What molecules move by simple diffusion across the plasma membrane?
    Small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules such as O2, CO2, and ethanol move by simple diffusion.
  • What is facilitated diffusion?
    Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of ions or larger molecules across the membrane via specific carrier proteins.
  • How does osmosis occur across the plasma membrane?
    Osmosis is the passive movement of water through the lipid bilayer or through aquaporins (water channels).
  • What defines an isotonic solution relative to a cell?
    An isotonic solution causes no net movement of water across the membrane.
  • What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
    Water moves into the cell, potentially causing swelling.
  • What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
    Water moves out of the cell, causing shrinkage.
  • What is osmotic pressure?
    Osmotic pressure is the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across a membrane.
  • What is active transport in microbial cells?
    Active transport requires a transporter protein and energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
  • What types of molecules can be moved by active transport?
    Active transport can move ions, amino acids, and sugars against their concentration gradients.