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Microbiology Study Guide Flashcards

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Five groups of living microorganisms and two nonliving entities

    Living groups: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae. Nonliving/noncellular entities: viruses, prions.

  • Endosymbiotic theory

    The theory that certain organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

  • Pathogen vs Opportunistic pathogen

    A pathogen causes disease in healthy hosts; an opportunistic pathogen causes disease only when the host's defenses are compromised.

  • Robert Hooke's contribution

    First to describe cells using a microscope, coining the term 'cell'.

  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's contribution

    Observed and described live microorganisms, called 'animalcules', using improved microscopes.

  • Carolus Linnaeus' contribution

    Developed binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms with genus and species.

  • Edward Jenner's contribution

    Developed the first vaccine using cowpox to protect against smallpox.

  • Ignaz Semmelweis' contribution

    Introduced handwashing to reduce puerperal fever in hospitals.

  • Louis Pasteur's contribution

    Disproved spontaneous generation; developed pasteurization and germ theory of disease.

  • Joseph Lister's contribution

    Introduced aseptic surgical techniques using antiseptics to reduce infections.

  • Alexander Fleming's contribution

    Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.

  • Hypothesis of spontaneous generation vs biogenesis

    Spontaneous generation: life arises from nonliving matter. Biogenesis: life arises from existing life. Biogenesis was proven correct by Redi and Pasteur.

  • Germ theory of disease

    The theory that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

  • Etiological agent

    The specific microorganism or pathogen that causes a particular disease.

  • Scientist who established criteria for etiological agents

    Robert Koch established criteria (Koch's postulates) to link specific microbes to diseases.

  • Aseptic technique and its importance

    Procedures to prevent contamination by pathogens; central to healthcare to reduce infections.

  • Nosocomial infection

    An infection acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.

  • Three domains of life

    Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • Binomial nomenclature

    A two-part naming system for organisms using genus and species, developed by Linnaeus.

  • Symbiotic relationships: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

    Parasitism: one benefits, other harmed.
    Mutualism: both benefit.
    Commensalism: one benefits, other unaffected.

  • Normal microbiota

    Microorganisms normally living on or in the body, usually in a mutualistic or commensal relationship.

  • Biofilm

    A community of microorganisms attached to a surface, embedded in a protective matrix. Example: dental plaque.

  • Culture media

    Substances used to grow microorganisms in the lab, providing nutrients and environment for growth.

  • Gram stain differentiates based on

    The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls.

  • Gram-positive vs Gram-negative color after Gram stain

    Gram-positive: purple.
    Gram-negative: pink/red.

  • Acid-fast stain detects

    The presence of mycolic acid, a waxy substance in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria.

  • Final magnification in compound microscope

    Objective lens magnification multiplied by ocular lens magnification.

  • Function of flagella

    Provide motility to bacterial cells.

  • Difference between active and passive transport

    Active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient; passive transport does not require energy and moves substances down a gradient.