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Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry
Bruice - Organic Chemistry 8th Edition
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoBruice 8th EditionCh. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic ChemistryProblema 67
Capitolo 2, Problema 67

From which of the following compounds can HO− remove a proton in a reaction that favors product formation?
Chemical structures of four compounds labeled A to D, questioning which can lose a proton in a reaction favoring products.

Guida verificata passo dopo passo
1
Step 1: Understand the concept of acidity and basicity. Hydroxide ion (HO⁻) acts as a base and can remove a proton (H⁺) from a compound if the compound has an acidic proton. The reaction will favor product formation if the resulting conjugate base is more stable than the original base.
Step 2: Evaluate the acidity of the compounds provided. Look for factors that increase acidity, such as electronegativity of the atom bonded to the proton, resonance stabilization of the conjugate base, and inductive effects from electronegative groups.
Step 3: Compare the pKa values of the compounds. A lower pKa value indicates a stronger acid, meaning the compound is more likely to donate a proton to HO⁻. If the pKa of the compound is significantly lower than the pKa of water (15.7), the reaction is likely to favor product formation.
Step 4: Analyze the stability of the conjugate base formed after the proton is removed. Stability can be enhanced by resonance, inductive effects, or the presence of electronegative atoms. If the conjugate base is stable, the reaction will favor product formation.
Step 5: Determine which compound has the most acidic proton based on the above factors. The compound with the most acidic proton will be the one from which HO⁻ can remove a proton in a reaction that favors product formation.

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Acidity and Basicity

Acidity refers to the tendency of a compound to donate protons (H+ ions), while basicity is the ability to accept protons. In organic chemistry, the strength of an acid is often measured by its pKa value; lower pKa values indicate stronger acids. Understanding the relative acidity of compounds is crucial for predicting which can be deprotonated by hydroxide ions (HO−) in a reaction.
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Understanding the difference between basicity and nucleophilicity.

Equilibrium and Reaction Favorability

Chemical reactions reach a state of equilibrium where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. The position of equilibrium is influenced by the stability of the products and reactants. A reaction favors product formation when the products are more stable than the reactants, often determined by factors such as bond strength and sterics.
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Determining Acid/Base Equilibrium

Proton Transfer Reactions

Proton transfer reactions involve the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. In the context of the question, HO− acts as a base that can remove a proton from an acidic compound. The ability of HO− to effectively remove a proton depends on the acidity of the compound in question and the stability of the resulting conjugate base.
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Proton Splitting
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Tenormin, a member of the group of drugs known as beta-blockers, is used to treat high blood pressure and improve survival after a heart attack. It works by slowing down the heart to reduce its workload. Which atom in Tenormin is the most basic?

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For each of the following pairs of reactions, indicate which one has the more favorable equilibrium constant (that is, which one most favors products):

1.

2.

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b. Determine the exact pKa values, using a calculator.

c. Which is the strongest acid?

1. nitrous acid (HNO2), Ka = 4.0 × 10−4

2. nitric acid (HNO3), Ka = 22

3. bicarbonate (HCO3−), Ka = 6.3 × 10−11

4. hydrogen cyanide (HCN), Ka = 7.9 × 10−10

5. formic acid (HCOOH), Ka = 2.0 × 10−4

6. phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Ka = 2.1

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Given the Ka values, estimate the pKa value of each of the following acids without using a calculator (that is, is it between 3 and 4, between 9 and 10, and so on?):

1. nitrous acid (HNO2), Ka = 4.0 × 10−4

2. nitric acid (HNO3), Ka = 22

3. bicarbonate (HCO3−), Ka = 6.3 × 10−11

4. hydrogen cyanide (HCN), Ka = 7.9 × 10−10

5. formic acid (HCOOH), Ka = 2.0 × 10−4

6. phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Ka = 2.1

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You are planning to carry out a reaction that produces protons. The reaction will be buffered at pH = 10.5. Would it be better to use a protonated methylamine/methylamine buffer or a protonated ethylamine/ethylamine buffer? (pKa of protonated methylamine = 10.7; pKa of protonated ethylamine = 11.0)

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Which of the four reactions has the most favorable equilibrium constant?

1.

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