Domanda del libro di testo
Which compound has the greatest rate of hydrolysis at pH = 3.5: benzamide, o-carboxybenzamide, o-formylbenzamide, or o-hydroxybenzamide?
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Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions
Bruice8th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213711
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 - Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding31
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry84
- Ch. 3 - An Introduction to Organic Compounds: Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure183
- Ch. 4 - Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space121
- Ch. 5 - Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics83
- Ch. 6 - The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions175
- Ch. 7 - The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis119
- Ch. 8 - Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene148
- Ch. 9 - Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides212
- Ch. 10 - Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds131
- Ch. 11 - Organometallic Compounds60
- Ch. 12 - Radicals90
- Ch. 13 - Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy62
- Ch. 14 - NMR Spectroscopy95
- Ch. 15 - Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives123
- Ch. 16 - Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 17 - Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon101
- Ch. 18 - Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes144
- Ch. 19 - More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds49
- Ch. 20 - The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates80
- Ch. 21 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins57
- Ch. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions35
- Ch. 23 - The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes—Compounds Derived from Vitamins1
- Ch. 28 - Pericyclic Reactions58
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Bruice 8th EditionCh. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic ReactionsProblema 33
Bruice 8th EditionCh. 22 - Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic ReactionsProblema 33Capitolo 22, Problema 33
The deuterium kinetic isotope effect (kH2O/kD2O) for the hydrolysis of aspirin is 2.2. What does this tell you about the kind of catalysis exerted by the ortho-carboxyl substituent? (Hint: It is easier to break an O–H bond than an O–D bond.)
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Understand the concept of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE): The KIE is the ratio of reaction rates for isotopically substituted molecules. Here, kH2O/kD2O = 2.2 indicates that the reaction involving H2O is faster than the one involving D2O. This suggests that breaking the O-H bond is easier than breaking the O-D bond due to the lower bond dissociation energy of O-H compared to O-D.
Recognize the role of the ortho-carboxyl substituent: The ortho-carboxyl group in aspirin can act as a catalyst by participating in proton transfer or hydrogen bonding, which facilitates the hydrolysis reaction. The observed KIE suggests that the breaking of an O-H bond is a rate-determining step in the reaction.
Interpret the significance of the KIE value: A KIE of 2.2 is consistent with a primary kinetic isotope effect, which occurs when the bond to the isotopically substituted atom (H or D) is directly involved in the rate-determining step. This implies that the ortho-carboxyl group is likely involved in a proton transfer step during the hydrolysis of aspirin.
Relate the KIE to the mechanism of catalysis: The ortho-carboxyl substituent may stabilize the transition state by donating or accepting a proton, which involves breaking an O-H bond. The slower reaction in D2O (due to the stronger O-D bond) supports this mechanism.
Conclude the type of catalysis: Based on the KIE and the role of the ortho-carboxyl group, the catalysis exerted by the ortho-carboxyl substituent is likely general acid-base catalysis, where proton transfer plays a critical role in facilitating the hydrolysis reaction.
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Concetti chiave
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Kinetic Isotope Effect (KIE)
The kinetic isotope effect refers to the change in reaction rate when one atom in a molecule is replaced by one of its isotopes. In this context, the ratio of reaction rates (kH2O/kD2O) indicates how the presence of deuterium affects the hydrolysis of aspirin. A KIE greater than 1 suggests that the bond involving the lighter isotope (H) is broken more easily than that involving the heavier isotope (D), providing insights into the reaction mechanism.
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03:06
Understanding the hydrogen isotopes.
Catalysis
Catalysis is the process by which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by the presence of a catalyst, which is not consumed in the reaction. In the case of the hydrolysis of aspirin, the ortho-carboxyl substituent may stabilize the transition state or lower the activation energy, thus facilitating the breaking of the O-H bond. Understanding the type of catalysis (acid-base, covalent, etc.) is crucial for interpreting the KIE results.
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Percorso guidato
2:31Nucleophilic Catalysis Concept 1
O-H vs. O-D Bond Strength
The strength of O-H bonds is generally weaker than that of O-D bonds due to the difference in mass and bond length. This difference is significant in reactions involving proton transfer or bond cleavage. The hint in the question emphasizes that it is easier to break an O-H bond than an O-D bond, which is critical for understanding why the KIE of 2.2 suggests a specific catalytic mechanism influenced by the ortho-carboxyl group.
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02:48O,P-positions vs. Meta-Positions
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