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Draw the molecular orbital picture of but-2-yne.
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Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases/Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes 1: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes 2: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification 1: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification 2: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 1: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 2: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems 1: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems 2: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene 1: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene 2: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
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Mullins 1st EditionCh. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox ReactionsProblema 15b
Mullins 1st EditionCh. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox ReactionsProblema 15bCapitolo 9, Problema 15b
Calculate for the following acid–base reactions. Which is the best base to use to deprotonate acetylene and make the acetylide anion?
(b) H2N- + H―C ≡ C―H ⇌ -C ≡ C―H + H3N
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Step 1: Understand the problem. The goal is to determine which base is best suited to deprotonate acetylene (H―C≡C―H) and form the acetylide anion (⁻C≡C―H). This involves comparing the acid–base equilibrium and analyzing the relative strengths of the acids and bases involved.
Step 2: Write the acid–base reaction. The given reaction is: . Here, H₂N⁻ is the base, H―C≡C―H is the acid, ⁻C≡C―H is the conjugate base, and H₃N is the conjugate acid.
Step 3: Compare the pKa values of the acids. The pKa of acetylene (H―C≡C―H) is approximately 25, while the pKa of ammonia (H₃N) is approximately 38. Since a stronger acid has a lower pKa, acetylene is the stronger acid compared to ammonia.
Step 4: Analyze the equilibrium direction. The equilibrium of the reaction will favor the formation of the weaker acid and weaker base. Since ammonia (H₃N) is a weaker acid than acetylene, the equilibrium will favor the products (⁻C≡C―H and H₃N). This indicates that H₂N⁻ is a suitable base for deprotonating acetylene.
Step 5: Conclude the reasoning. Based on the pKa comparison and equilibrium analysis, H₂N⁻ is a strong enough base to deprotonate acetylene and form the acetylide anion (⁻C≡C―H). The reaction proceeds because the conjugate acid (H₃N) is weaker than the original acid (H―C≡C―H).
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Acidity and Basicity
Acidity refers to the tendency of a compound to donate protons (H⁺), while basicity is the ability to accept protons. In organic chemistry, the strength of an acid is often measured by its pKa value; lower pKa values indicate stronger acids. Understanding the relative strengths of acids and bases is crucial for predicting the outcome of acid-base reactions.
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Understanding the difference between basicity and nucleophilicity.
Acetylide Anion
The acetylide anion (⁻C≡C―H) is formed when acetylene (H―C≡C―H) is deprotonated. This anion is a strong nucleophile and can participate in various reactions, including nucleophilic substitutions. Recognizing the structure and reactivity of the acetylide anion is essential for understanding its role in organic synthesis.
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Percorso guidato
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Strong Bases for Deprotonation
To deprotonate a weak acid like acetylene, a strong base is required. Common strong bases include alkyl lithium reagents and amides like H₂N⁻ (amide ion). The choice of base affects the efficiency of the deprotonation process, making it important to select a base that is stronger than the conjugate acid of the target compound.
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