Domanda del libro di testo
A chemistry student drew the following incorrect electron configuration for carbon. (a) Correct the diagram.
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Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons
Mullins1st EditionOrganic Chemistry: A Learner Centered ApproachISBN: 9780137566471
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the Electrons114
- Ch. 3 - Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Properties and Conformational Analysis109
- Ch. 4 - Acids and Bases/Electron Flow144
- Ch. 5 - Chemical Reaction Analysis: Thermodynamics and Kinetics118
- Ch. 6 - Stereoisomerism: Arrangement of Atoms in Space112
- Ch. 7 - Principles of Green (Organic) Chemistry3
- Ch. 8 - Alkenes 1: Properties and Electrophilic Additions158
- Ch. 9 - Alkenes 2: Oxidation and Reduction150
- Ch. 10 - Alkynes: Electrophilic Addition and Redox Reactions101
- Ch. 11 - Properties and Synthesis of Alkyl Halides: Radical Reactions108
- Ch. 12 - Substitution and Elimination: Reactions of Haloalkanes172
- Ch. 13 - Alcohols, Ethers and Related Compounds: Substitution and Elimination239
- Ch. 14 - Structural Identification 1: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry54
- Ch. 15 - Structural Identification 2: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy93
- Ch. 16 - Metals in Organic Chemistry48
- Ch. 17 - Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch. 18 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 1: Carboxylic Acids18
- Ch. 19 - Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 2: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives39
- Ch. 20 - Enolates: Carbonyl Addition and Substitution13
- Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems 1: Stability and Addition Reactions56
- Ch. 22 - Conjugated Systems 2: Pericyclic Reactions54
- Ch. 23 - Benzene 1: Aromatic Stability and Substitution Reactions64
- Ch. 24 - Benzene 2: Reactions Influenced by the Aromatic Ring62
- Ch. 25 - Amines: Structure, Reactions, and Synthesis27
- Ch. 26 - Amino Acids, Proteins, and Peptide Synthesis9
- Ch. 27 - Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids54
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Mullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblema 8
Mullins 1st EditionCh. 2 - General Chemistry Translated: Finding the ElectronsProblema 8Capitolo 1, Problema 8
Chlorine exists as one of two isotopes with atomic masses of 34.969 amu (35Cl) and 36.966 amu (37Cl) . Calculate the relative abundance of 35Cl and 37Cl based on the average atomic mass of 35.453 amu.
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Define the variables: Let the relative abundance of ³⁵Cl be x, and the relative abundance of ³⁷Cl be (1 - x), since the total abundance must equal 1.
Write the equation for the average atomic mass of chlorine: .
Distribute the terms in the equation: , which expands to .
Combine like terms: Simplify the equation to .
Rearrange the equation to solve for x: Subtract 36.966 from both sides, then divide by -1.997 to isolate x. The value of x represents the relative abundance of ³⁵Cl, and (1 - x) gives the relative abundance of ³⁷Cl.
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Isotopes
Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses. For chlorine, the isotopes ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl have atomic masses of 34.969 amu and 36.966 amu, respectively. Understanding isotopes is crucial for calculations involving average atomic mass and relative abundance.
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03:06
Understanding the hydrogen isotopes.
Average Atomic Mass
The average atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the masses of its isotopes, taking into account their relative abundances. In this case, the average atomic mass of chlorine is given as 35.453 amu. This value is essential for determining the proportions of each isotope present in a sample.
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01:44The difference between atomic numbers and atomic mass.
Relative Abundance
Relative abundance refers to the proportion of each isotope of an element present in a sample, usually expressed as a percentage. To calculate the relative abundance of ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl, one can set up equations based on the average atomic mass and the known masses of the isotopes. This concept is fundamental for understanding how isotopes contribute to the overall atomic mass of an element.
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04:32Explaining relative rates of halogenation.
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