Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems 1: Stability and Addition Reactions

Mullins - Organic Chemistry: A Learner Centered Approach 1st Edition

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Mullins 1st Edition

Ch. 21 - Conjugated Systems 1: Stability and Addition Reactions

Problema 72

Capitolo 20, Problema 72

The following reaction was used in the synthesis of aculeatin A, a natural product that is active against KB cell lines. Although it only worked under acidic conditions, a mechanism can be drawn where the reaction might proceed under basic conditions. Suggest this mechanism (J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 1498–1504). [The most acidic proton is indicated . . . and number your carbons!]

Guida verificata passo dopo passo

Step 1: Identify the most acidic proton in the starting material. The hydroxyl group (OH) indicated by the arrow is the most acidic proton due to its ability to donate a proton and form a stabilized conjugate base.

Step 2: Under basic conditions, the base (KOt-Bu) will deprotonate the hydroxyl group, forming an alkoxide ion. This alkoxide ion is a strong nucleophile and can participate in subsequent reactions.

Step 3: The alkoxide ion can attack the carbonyl carbon of the ester group in an intramolecular nucleophilic attack. This forms a new bond between the oxygen of the alkoxide and the carbonyl carbon, leading to the formation of a cyclic intermediate.

Step 4: The cyclic intermediate undergoes rearrangement or elimination to form the final product. The driving force for this reaction is the formation of a stable lactone ring structure, which is energetically favorable.

Step 5: Number the carbons in the starting material to track the transformation. Assign numbers to the carbons in the ring and side chains systematically, ensuring clarity in the mechanism and product formation.

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Acid-Base Chemistry

Understanding acid-base chemistry is crucial for analyzing reactions that occur under different pH conditions. In organic reactions, acids can donate protons (H+) while bases can accept them. The nature of the solvent and the presence of acidic or basic conditions can significantly influence the reaction pathway and the stability of intermediates.

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The Lewis definition of acids and bases.

Reaction Mechanisms

A reaction mechanism outlines the step-by-step process by which reactants transform into products. It includes the identification of intermediates, transition states, and the order of bond-breaking and bond-forming events. Proposing a mechanism under basic conditions requires understanding how the reaction might differ from the acidic pathway, including the role of nucleophiles and electrophiles.

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02:16

Heck Reaction Mechanism

Natural Product Synthesis

Natural product synthesis involves the chemical processes used to create complex organic molecules found in nature. This often requires specific conditions to achieve desired reactivity and selectivity. In the case of aculeatin A, recognizing the structural features and functional groups involved is essential for proposing a viable synthetic route, especially when considering alternative reaction conditions.

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Percorso guidato

1:16

Synthesis of Amino Acids: Strecker Synthesis Example 1

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Domanda del libro di testo

The following covalent inhibitor blocks function in a protease found in the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by reacting with a cysteine amino acid residue (shown below) in the active site. Draw the expected complex that forms between the inhibitor and the enzyme active site (J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 3212–3216.) [Assume the presence of active site bases if you need them.]

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Domanda del libro di testo

The following transformation was found to occur in areas with large NO₂ emissions. Suggest a mechanism for the reaction (J. Phys. Chem. 2013, 117, 14132–14140). [Hint: Use the fishhook arrows associated with radical reactions.]

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Domanda del libro di testo

The reactivity of cyclopropanes often mimics that of alkenes.

(a) On the basis of this, suggest a mechanism for the following reaction.

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Domanda del libro di testo

The reactivity of cyclopropanes often mimics that of alkenes.

(b) Besides opening the three-membered ring, what is the driving force for this reaction?

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