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Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups
Wade - Organic Chemistry 9th Edition
Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoWade 9th EditionCh. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional GroupsProblema 36
Capitolo 2, Problema 36

Rank the following species in order of increasing acidity. Explain your reasons for ordering them as you do.
HF NH3 H2SO4 CH3OH CH3COOH H3O+ H2O

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Identify the acidic hydrogen in each species. For example, in HF, the acidic hydrogen is the one bonded to fluorine.
Consider the stability of the conjugate base formed after the acidic hydrogen is removed. A more stable conjugate base indicates a stronger acid.
Evaluate the electronegativity of the atom bonded to the acidic hydrogen. Higher electronegativity generally increases acidity as it stabilizes the negative charge on the conjugate base.
Consider the resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. Species like CH3COOH have resonance-stabilized conjugate bases, which increases their acidity.
Rank the species based on the above considerations, from least acidic to most acidic. Typically, H2SO4 and H3O+ are very strong acids, while NH3 is a weak acid.

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Acidity and pKa

Acidity in organic chemistry is often measured by the pKa value, which indicates the strength of an acid. A lower pKa value corresponds to a stronger acid, as it more readily donates protons (H+ ions). Understanding pKa values is crucial for ranking acids, as it provides a quantitative measure of their relative strengths.
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Identifying pKa values

Resonance Stabilization

Resonance stabilization refers to the delocalization of electrons in a molecule, which can stabilize the conjugate base formed after an acid donates a proton. For example, acetic acid (CH3COOH) has a conjugate base that is resonance-stabilized, making it a stronger acid compared to alcohols like methanol (CH3OH), which lack such stabilization.
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The radical stability trend.

Electronegativity and Inductive Effect

Electronegativity affects acidity as more electronegative atoms can better stabilize negative charges. The inductive effect involves the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms, influencing acidity. For instance, in HF, the high electronegativity of fluorine stabilizes the conjugate base, making HF more acidic than water (H2O) or ammonia (NH3).
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Electronegativity
Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo

All of the following compounds can react as acids. Without using a table of acidities, rank them in order of increasing acidity. Explain your ranking.

a. CH3CH2SO3H

b. CH3CH2OH

c. CH3CH2COOH

d. CH3CHClCOOH

e. ClCH2CH2COOH

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Domanda del libro di testo

The Ka of phenylacetic acid is 5.2 × 10−5, and the pKa of propionic acid is 4.87.

a. Calculate the pKa of phenylacetic acid and the Ka of propionic acid.

b. Which of these is the stronger acid? Calculate how much stronger an acid it is.

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Domanda del libro di testo

Predict which compound in each pair has the higher boiling point. Explain your prediction.

(a) CH3CH2OCH3 or CH3CH(OH)CH3

(b) CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

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Domanda del libro di testo

Predict which compound in each pair has the higher boiling point. Explain your prediction.

(e)

(f)

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Domanda del libro di testo

Rank the following species in order of increasing basicity. Explain your reasons for ordering them as you do.

NH3 CH3O– H2O CH3COO– NaOH NH2– HSO4–

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Domanda del libro di testo

Predict which compound in each pair has the higher boiling point. Explain your prediction.

(c) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 or (CH3)2CH2CH2CH3

(d) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 or CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl

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