Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds

Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo

Wade 9th Edition

Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds

Problema 29d

Capitolo 16, Problema 29d

Four pairs of compounds are shown. In each pair, one of the compounds reacts more quickly, or with a more favorable equilibrium constant, than the less conjugated system. In each case, explain the enhanced reactivity.
(d)

Guida verificata passo dopo passo

Step 1: Analyze the structures of the two compounds. The first compound is a hydroxybenzoquinone derivative, which contains two carbonyl groups adjacent to the hydroxyl group. The second compound is phenol, which has a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring.

Step 2: Consider the acidity of the hydroxyl group in both compounds. Acidity is influenced by the ability of the conjugate base to stabilize the negative charge after deprotonation. In the first compound, the conjugate base is stabilized by resonance with the two adjacent carbonyl groups.

Step 3: Explain the resonance stabilization in the first compound. After deprotonation of the hydroxyl group, the negative charge on the oxygen can delocalize into the aromatic ring and further onto the carbonyl groups. This extensive delocalization significantly stabilizes the conjugate base.

Step 4: Compare this to phenol. In phenol, the negative charge on the oxygen after deprotonation can only delocalize into the aromatic ring, which provides less stabilization compared to the first compound.

Step 5: Conclude that the enhanced resonance stabilization in the first compound due to the presence of the carbonyl groups makes it more acidic than phenol.

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Acidity and pKa

Acidity in organic chemistry refers to the ability of a compound to donate a proton (H+). The strength of an acid is often measured by its pKa value; lower pKa values indicate stronger acids. In the context of the compounds shown, the one with the lower pKa is more acidic, meaning it can more readily lose a proton compared to the other compound.

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Identifying pKa values

Resonance Stabilization

Resonance stabilization occurs when a molecule can be represented by multiple valid Lewis structures, allowing for the delocalization of electrons. In the more acidic compound, the negative charge on the conjugate base can be delocalized over multiple electronegative atoms, which stabilizes the anion formed after deprotonation, thus enhancing acidity.

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The radical stability trend.

Inductive Effect

The inductive effect refers to the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating effects of substituents in a molecule, which can influence acidity. Electron-withdrawing groups, such as carbonyls or nitro groups, can stabilize the negative charge on the conjugate base, making the acid more likely to donate a proton. This effect is significant in comparing the acidity of the two compounds shown.

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Understanding the Inductive Effect.

Pratica correlata

Domanda del libro di testo

The following molecules and ions are grouped by similar structures. Classify each as aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic. For the aromatic and antiaromatic species, give the number of pi electrons in the ring.

(a)

671

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Domanda del libro di testo

(b)

575

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Domanda del libro di testo

Four pairs of compounds are shown. In each pair, one of the compounds reacts more quickly, or with a more favorable equilibrium constant, than the less conjugated system. In each case, explain the enhanced reactivity.

(a)

(b)

635

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Domanda del libro di testo

(c)

990

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Domanda del libro di testo

Name the following compounds:

(a)

(b)